Schwarzlose machine gun
History
In 1901 Schwarzlose designed a toggle-delayed pistol, but it went nowhere.[7] However, in 1902 he applied for a patent on a toggle-delayed lock for a machine gun,[8] and another one in 1903[9] for a belt feeding mechanism. Since he had only had the experience of designing handguns before, the design tooks several more years to finalize.
The Schwarzlose M. 7 was a belt-fed machine gun, usually mounted on a tripod, designed by the Prussian firearms designer Andreas Schwarzlose. While its water-cooled barrel gave it an appearance broadly resembling the family of Maxim-derived machine-guns (such as the British Vickers and the German Maschinengewehr 08), internally the Schwarzlose was of a much simpler design, which made the weapon comparatively inexpensive to manufacture. Its unusual delayed blowback mechanism contained only a single spring.
The initial variants of the M.7/12 had a cyclic rate of about 400 rounds/minute. During World War I this was increased to 580 rounds/minute by using a stronger mainspring. The Schwarzlose was robust and reliable, if used in its intended role as an infantry weapon. It met with less success when it was used in roles it had not been designed for, unlike the highly adaptable Maxim-derived machine guns.[10]
Production
The Schwarzlose enjoyed moderate export success in the years leading up to World War I. Apart from the armies of the Austro-Hungarian empire (8mm caliber) it was adopted by the armies of Greece (6.5mm caliber), the Netherlands (6.5mm caliber) and Sweden (using the 6.5×55mm cartridge and designated kulspruta m/1914).[11] In addition, the British ammunition company Kynoch produced a machine gun based on the Schwarzlose patent in 1907, using the .303 British cartridge.[12] The Netherlands used a modified version, the Schwarzlose M.08, in production from 1918 (2,006 made).
After the First World War the Schwarzlose continued in use with the new nations that emerged from the fragments of the Austro-Hungarian empire. Captured examples of the Schwarzlose saw some sporadic use by Russian and Italian units during the First World War. During World War II the Schwarzlose saw limited action in North Africa as an anti-aircraft weapon in Italian service. It was also the standard MG issued to Italian colonial troops. Besides, captured Schwarzlose machine guns of various types saw service with second line units of the Nazi German army, especially during the desperate fighting that took place in the final phases of that conflict.[6]
Overview
The Schwarzlose MG M.7 is a toggle-delayed blowback, water-cooled machine gun. The mechanism incorporates a device that oils cartridge cases to ease extraction.[13]
For infantry use, the Schwarzlose was usually employed as a traditional, tripod mounted, heavy machine gun served by a crew of at least three soldiers, one of whom was the commander, usually an NCO, a gunner who carried the weapon, a third soldier who served as an ammunition carrier and loader and he would presumably also carry the tripod although in practice a fourth soldier might be added to the team to carry the tripod. Another less commonly seen method of deployment was the more compact 'backpack mount'. In this configuration the gun was fitted with a backwards folding bipod attached to the front of the water jacket near the muzzle. The backpack mount itself consisted of a square wooden frame with a metal socket in the center. When the gun was fully deployed the frame was laid on the ground, the gun's central mounting point that usually attached to a tripod now had a small mounting pin attached to it instead which was inserted into the mounting socket in the center of the wooden backpack frame and finally the bipod was folded forward. The Schwarzlose would also have seen service as a fortress weapon in which case it would have been deployed on a variety of heavy and specialized fixed mountings and it also saw some use as a naval weapon aboard ships. During World War I, the Schwarzlose was also pressed into service as an anti-aircraft gun, and, as such, it was deployed using a variety of (often improvised) mountings.
Use as a fortification weapon
After World War I the Schwarzlose equipped the armed forces of Czechoslovakia, where it was adapted (vz. 7/24) and manufactured (vz. 24) as the těžký kulomet vz. 7/24 (heavy machine gun model 7/24) by the Janeček factory (adapted from 8 mm calibre to standard Czechoslovak munition 7,92 Mauser). When Czechoslovakia started building fortifications against Nazi Germany in 1935-1938, light fortifications, known as types 36 and 37, were partially armed with the Schwarzlose vz. 7/24.
Use as an aircraft gun
Apart from its use as a heavy infantry machine gun and as an anti-aircraft weapon, the Schwarzlose saw service with the Austro-Hungarian Luftfahrtruppe during World War I as an aircraft machine gun, a role for which it was not entirely suited. The Schwarzlose was used both as a fixed forward firing gun and as a flexible, ring mounted, defensive weapon.[6]
Synchronizing the Schwarzlose for use in fighters turned out to be a difficult engineering challenge. A critical factor in synchronization is the time delay between the trigger movement and the moment when the bullet leaves the barrel, as during this delay the propeller will continue to rotate, moving over an angle that also varies with engine rpm. Because of the relatively long delay time of the Schwarzlose M7/12, the synchronization systems that were developed could be operated safely only in a narrow band of engine rpm. Therefore, the Austro-Hungarian fighters were equipped with large and prominent tachometers in the cockpit. The M16 version of the gun could be synchronized with greater accuracy, but a widened engine rpm restriction still had to be respected, except for aircraft equipped with Daimler synchronization gear. The result was never entirely satisfactory and Austro-Hungarian aircraft thus armed usually carried the Kravics indicator to warn the pilot of a malfunction in the synchronization gear. The Kravics propeller hit indicator consisted of electric wiring wrapped around the critical area of the propeller blades, connected to a light in the cockpit by a slip ring on the propeller shaft. If the light went out, the pilot knew the propeller had been hit.[14]
Until these synchronization problems had been overcome, it was not uncommon to see the Schwarzlose deployed in a removable forward firing Type-II VK gun container which had been developed by the Luftfahrtruppe's Versuchs Kompanie at Fischamend. The Type-II VK, which received the macabre nickname 'baby coffin' due to its shape, is remarkable in that it was possibly the first example of what today would be called a gun pod.[15] It was usually mounted on the centerline of the upper wing of Austro-Hungarian fighters and two-seat combat aircraft during the early phases of World War I and remained in use on two-seat combat aircraft until the end of the war. In its role as an aircraft weapon, the Schwarzlose was initially used unmodified — other than that the distinctive cone shaped flash-hider seen on most of the infantry weapons was removed. The Schwarzlose was further modified for aircraft use, much as the German Empire's own lMG 08 Spandau ordnance had been modified early in 1915, by cutting slots into the water jacket's sheetmetal to facilitate air cooling. In 1916, the water jacket was removed entirely, and the resulting weapon was re-designated as the Schwarzlose MG-16 and MG-16A when fitted with a stronger spring and a blowback enhancer to increase the gun's cyclic rate, which was eventually brought up to 880 rounds per minute in some versions of the MG-16A. As a defensive ring-mounted gun, the Schwarzlose usually retained its normal twin firing handles and trigger button, although some MG-16 aircraft guns were fitted with enlarged pistol-shaped handles and a handgun-style trigger. All ring-mounted defensive guns were equipped with specialized sights and a box for the ammunition belt, which allowed quick and trouble-free reloading. After the end of World War I, the Schwarzlose saw limited use as an aircraft gun with various East European air forces. The best-known post-war operator of the Schwarzlose was probably the Polish air force, who acquired and used significant numbers of surplus Austro-Hungarian aircraft and used them against Soviet forces during the Polish-Soviet War. The Schwarzlose was, however, quickly phased out of service as an aircraft weapon when more suitable equipment became available.[16]
Variants
Austro-Hungarian
- MG M.7, MG M.7/12, MG-16, MG-16A in 8×50mmR Mannlicher.
British
- Kynoch Machine Gun was manufactured by the Kynoch ammunition company, presumably in .303 British,[12]
Czechoslovak
- Schwarzlose-Janeček vz.07/24 (or vz. 24, or Š 24): The M.7/12 Machine Gun was modified by inventor František Janeček. Modifications include: rechambering to 7.92×57 mm Mauser, a lighter bolt, shorter recoil spring and extension of the barrel by 100 mm. Manufacture and adaptation of these guns took place in the Zbrojovka Brno factory. During 1922 and 1934 there were 4937 modified Schwarzlose M.7/12 MGs to vz.7/24 and 2253 newly produced vz.24 MGs.[17]
Dutch
Hungarian
- MG M.07/31 converted from original 8×50mmR Mannlicher to 8×56mmR.[19] Same as their Mannlicher M1895 rifles.
Swedish
- Kulspruta m/1914 in 6.5×55mm.[18] First 511 guns were bought from the ŒWG, but starting from 1917 Sweden began producing them at Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori state small arms factory in Eskilstuna, where additional 753 were produced[20] using tooling acquired from ŒWG after the WWI.[21] Its m/14 tripod design was so liked by the Swedish military that it remained even after it the gun itself was superseded by Browning, and stayed in service until 1980.[22]
Users
Albania[23]
Austria-Hungary[6]
Austria[6]
Kingdom of Bulgaria[6]
Brazil: During the Constitutionalist revolution a number were imported from Czechoslosvakia by Governor Flores da Cunha of Rio Grande do Sul; these were later issued to the Military Brigade during the Campanha da Legalidade[24]
China[25]
Colombia: used in the Colombia–Peru War in 1933.[26]
Czechoslovakia[27]
Finland: Used by Swedish volunteer unit (SFK) during Winter War.[23]
Nazi Germany:[6] Adopted as the Schweres Maschinengewehr 7/12(ö).
Kingdom of Greece[6]
Kingdom of Hungary[28][19]
Kingdom of Italy: Received at least 900 from Austria-Hungary as reparations following the conclusion of WWI. Some were converted to 6.5mm Carcano. During WWII, they were issued to the 1st Army, 4th Army, and aerial defense units.[29][30]
Kingdom of the Netherlands[6][31]
Ottoman Empire[32]- Bestand:Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg Second Polish Republic
Kingdom of Romania:[6] Model 1907/12 in 8mm.[33] Converted to 7.62×54mmR, metal belt feeding and fitted with a larger water jacket.[34] Around 1,000 of these machine guns were converted to 7.92×57mm Mauser and remained in service during World War II with the border guards and marines, and occasionally as anti-aircraft guns.[35]
Russian Empire[36]- Bestand:Flag of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.svg State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs: Used in the Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia, later passed on to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
- Bestand:State Flag of Serbia (1882-1918).svg Kingdom of Serbia[6]
- Bestand:Flag of Spain (1931–1939).svg Spain[37]
Sweden: Adopted as the Kulspruta m/1914 in 6.5×55mm cartridge.[6]- Bestand:Flag of Yugoslavia (1918–1943).svg Kingdom of Yugoslavia: Model 1907/12 in 8mm[38]
Yugoslavia: Used by partisans in World War II.- Used by Jewish partisans during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine.
Japan: 6.5mm Arisaka version was used by Imperial Japanese Navy during Inter-War Era. It was equipped on Fusō-class battleship and Kongō-class battlecruiser.[39]
References
- Notes
- ↑ Peterson 2007, p. 31
- ↑ Automatic gun. Google Patents.
- ↑ Ortner 2011, p. 214
- ↑ Vintage Saturday: Assorted Machine Guns. Forgotten Weapons (18 oktober 2014).
- ↑ Anyathor007, The Birth of Israel. YouTube (18 August 2012). Gearchiveerd op 21 december 2021. Geraadpleegd op 12 december 2015.
- ↑ 6,00 6,01 6,02 6,03 6,04 6,05 6,06 6,07 6,08 6,09 6,10 6,11 Willbanks 2004, p. 57
- ↑ Schwarzlose 1901 Toggle-Delayed Prototype (Video) (10 March 2017).
- ↑ GB 190204176A
- ↑ GB 190406417A
- ↑ Peterson 2013, p. 34
- ↑ Janson, Olof, The Swedish machineguns before 1950. Gothia Arms Historical Society (30 april 2020).
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Kynoch Machine Gun. Forgotten Weapons (19 december 2011). Geraadpleegd op 11 december 2015.
- ↑ Hatcher 1947, pp. 38–44
- ↑ Williams, Anthony G., Synchronisation systems. Military Guns & Ammunition. “Based on "Flying Guns: World War I" and "Flying Guns: World War II" by Anthony G Williams and Emmanuel Gustin.”
- ↑ Woodman 1989, p. ?
- ↑ Chant 2002, p. 89
- ↑ Standard_Flying_12-18. Rota Nazdar.
- ↑ 18,0 18,1 Smith 1969, p. 211.
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 Smith 1969, p. 459.
- ↑ Swedish Medium Machine Guns: Kulspruta M/36 LV DBL – Small Arms Defense Journal.
- ↑ Vhu Praha.
- ↑ Hotchkiss machinegun and Schwarzlose Machine gun in Sweden.
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 Machine Guns, part 2. Jaeger Platoon.net (4 november 2017).
- ↑ (pt) Brigada Militar, "Brigada Militar na Legalidade", Corag, August 2011. Geraadpleegd op 10 april 2021.
- ↑ (zh) 四川機器局. ChineseFirearms.com. Gearchiveerd op 17 april 2021.
- ↑ Jowett, Philip (28 June 2018). Latin American Wars 1900–1941: "Banana Wars," Border Wars & Revolutions. Osprey Publishing, p. 36. ISBN 978-1-47282-628-2.
- ↑ Armaments Year-book : General and Statistical Information, Geneva (1926), "Czechoslovakia", p. 339.
- ↑ (hu) Lugosi, József (2008). Hazánk dicsőségére: 160 éves a Magyar Honvédség. Zrínyi Kiadó, Budapest, "Gyalogsági fegyverek 1868–2008 [Infantry weapons 1868–2008]", p. 382. ISBN 978-963-327-461-3.
- ↑ Riccio, Ralph (2013). Italian small arms of the first & second world wars. Schiffer Publishing, pp. 161. ISBN 9780764345838.
- ↑ Smith 1969, p. 490.
- ↑ Lohnstein, Marc (23 August 2018). Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 1936–42, 12 & 21. ISBN 978-1-47283-375-4.
- ↑ (pl) Nowakowski, Tomasz (2014). Śmiercionośne narzędzie I wojny światowej - karabin maszynowy Schwarzlose M. 07/12. Poligon 44: 15–17.
- ↑ Smith 1969, p. 535.
- ↑ Peterson 2007, p. 286
- ↑ Axworthy, Mark (1995). Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945. Arms and Armour Press, London, p. 29. ISBN 978-1-85409-267-0.
- ↑ (ru) Василевский, А. М. (1990). Дело всей жизни, 7th. Izdatel'stvo političeskoj literatury, Moscow, 21–22. ISBN 978-5-25000-820-4 "в течение осени и зимы 1915 года… своих винтовок царской армии уже недоставало. Многие солдаты, в частности, весь наш полк, имели на вооружении трофейные австрийские винтовки, благо патронов к ним было больше, чем к нашим. По той же причине наряду с пулемётами "Максим" сплошь и рядом в царской армии можно было встретить австрийский "Шварцлозе". [During the autumn and winter of 1915 ... the Tsarist Army lacked its own rifles. Many soldiers, in particular, our entire regiment, were armed with captured Austrian rifles, since there were more cartridges for them than for ours. For the same reason, along with the Maxim machine guns, one could often meet the Austrian Schwarzlose in the Tsarist army.]"
- ↑ de Quesada, Alejandro (20 January 2015). The Spanish Civil War 1936–39 (2): Republican Forces. Osprey Publishing, p. 38. ISBN 978-1-78200-785-2.
- ↑ Smith 1969, p. 723.
- ↑ 防衛庁防衛研修所戦史室 (November 1969). 海軍軍戦備＜1＞昭和十六年十一月まで. 朝雲新聞社, appendix sheet 1-1, 2-1.
- Sources
- Chant, Christopher (2002). A Century of Triumph: The History of Aviation. Simon & Schuster, New York. ISBN 978-0-7432-3479-5.
- Hatcher, Julian (1947). Hatcher's Notebook. The Military Service Press Company. ISBN 0-8117-0795-4.
- Ortner, M. Christian (2011). Storm Troops. Verlag Militaria. ISBN 978-3-9501642-8-2.
- Peterson, Phillip (24 september 2007). Standard Catalog of Military Firearms: The Collector's Price and Reference Guide. Gun Digest Books. ISBN 978-1-4402-3046-2.
- Peterson, Phillip (18 October 2013). Standard Catalog of Military Firearms: The Collector's Price and Reference Guide. Krause Publications, Iola, Wisconsin. ISBN 978-1-4402-3692-1.
- Smith, Joseph E. (1969). Small Arms of the World, 11. The Stackpole Company, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. ISBN 978-0-81171-566-9.
- Willbanks, James H. (1 January 2004). Machine Guns: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-480-6.
- Woodman, Harry (1989). Early Aircraft Armament. Weidenfeld Military. ISBN 0-85368-990-3.
- Instruktion [... Maschinengewehr (Schwarzlose) M. 7]. k. k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien (1913).
External links
- (cs) Těžký kulomet Schwarzlose. Fronta.cz. Photogallery, probably of Czech heavy machine gun model 7/24.
- Schwarzlose Heavy Machine Gun Model 07/12. Manowar's Hungarian Weapons & History.
- The Swedish machineguns before 1950. Gothia Arms Historical Society.
- The Schwarzlose Machine Gun. The Vintage Aviator.
- Schwarzlose machine gun 1912. YouTube. Animation showing mechanism of Schwarzlose machine gun.
- MidWestMetal, Firing the Schwarzlose Machine Gun. YouTube (4 december 2009). Gearchiveerd op 21 december 2021.
- Forgotten Weapons, Schwarzlose M1907/12 Heavy Machine Gun at James D Julia. YouTube (2 March 2015). Gearchiveerd op 21 december 2021. - Explanation of how the gun works.
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