TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook
The TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook is a 256 page United States Army technical manual intended for the United States Army Special Forces. It was first published in 1969 by the Department of the Army.
Like many other U.S. military manuals[1] dealing with improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and unconventional warfare, it was declassified and released into the public domain as a result of provisions such as the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), and is now freely available to the public in both electronic and printed formats.
The manual explains how in unconventional warfare operations, for logistical or security reasons, it may be impossible or unwise to use conventional military munitions as tools when conducting certain missions. Starting from this consideration, the manual describes the manufacture of various types of ordnances from readily available materials, from junk piles, common household chemicals and supplies purchased from regular stores.[2]
The manual was mentioned in news reports by various media after it was seized from people suspected of planning guerrilla or terrorism activities.[3][4][5][6][7]
The manual is one of the best official references on improvised explosive devices (IEDs) manufacturing, and some of the weapons described in it have been used against U.S. troops by foreign troops. For example, the hand-grenade-in-a-can trap was used against U.S. troops in Vietnam.[8] Furthermore, the manual was found in many abandoned safe houses of various Islamist groups, for example in Kabul, Mazar-e Sharif and Kandahar (Afghanistan), as well as in destroyed training camps.[9]
The TM 31-210 manual was subject to considerations regarding the repercussions of easy public access to informations on the artisanal manufacturing of weapons and explosives.[10]
The manual has also been mentioned in scientific literature, used as a reference for works dealing with topics such as ballistics,[11] forensic investigations,[12] security engineering[13] and counterterrorism.[14][15]
Sections
The TM 31-210 manual consists of seven main sections:
- Explosives and propellants (including igniters)
- Mines and grenades
- Small arms weapons and ammunition
- Mortars and rockets
- Incendiary devices
- Fuses, detonators & delay mechanisms
- Miscellaneous
The miscellaneous section deals with the production of various types of trigger mechanisms (pressure, pressure release, traction, etc.), a makeshift precision balance, electric batteries, makeshift bulletproof barricades and more. The manual ends with two appendices, which briefly deal with the properties of some primary and secondary explosives.
Popular culture
The TM 31-210 manual appeared as an "Easter egg" in the 1995 CGI animated film, Toy Story. In the scene where Woody is trapped under a blue plastic box in Sid's bedroom, it's possible to see behind him a document titled "TM 31-210 Improvised Interrogation Handbook", a clear reference to the actual document.[16][17]
References
- ↑ Other publicly available U.S. military manuals dealing with improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and unconventional warfare include:Sjabloon:Bulletlist
- DJSM-545-66 Viet Cong Improvised Explosive Mines and Booby Traps (1966);
- FM 5-31 Boobytraps (1965);
- FMFRP 12-43 Professional Knowledge Gained from Operational Experience in Vietnam, 1969, Special Issue, Mines and Boobytraps;
- FM 31-21 Guerrilla Warfare and Special Forces Operations (1961);
- FM 31-20 Special Forces Operational Techniques (1965);
- FM 31-20 Doctrine for Special Forces Operations (1990);
- FM 7-98 Operations in a Low-Intensity Conflict (1992);
- FM 31-20-5 Special Reconnaissance Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Special Forces (1993);
- FSTC 381-5012 Typical Foreign Unconventional Warfare Weapons (U);
- Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Simple Sabotage Field Manual (1944);
- PM 8--94 How to Start and Train a Militia Unit (1994);
- ST 31-180 Special Forces Handbook (1965);
- TC 3-21.76 Ranger Handbook (2017);
- TC 5-31 Viet Cong Boobytraps, Mines, and Mine Warfare Techniques (1969) Archived 2023-01-03 at the Wayback Machine;
- TM 31-200-1 Unconventional Warfare Devices and Techniques - References (1966);
- TM 31-201-1 Unconventional Warfare Devices and Techniques - Incendiaries (1966).
- ↑ Nye, Logan, This is an actual Army guide to creating an entire arsenal. We Are The Mighty (29 april 2020). Gearchiveerd op 11 december 2023. Geraadpleegd op March 7, 2024.
- ↑ Couple's Cardiff home 'like bomb-making factory. BBC (21 december 2018). Gearchiveerd op 22 december 2018. Geraadpleegd op March 7, 2024.
- ↑ Norwich man found guilty of terror offences. BBC (17 February 2023). Gearchiveerd op 11 december 2023. Geraadpleegd op March 7, 2024.
- ↑ Coalville 'weapons hoarder' jailed for 10 years. BBC (27 January 2020). Gearchiveerd op 10 november 2020. Geraadpleegd op March 7, 2024.
- ↑ Far-right Army reject convicted of collecting terror documents. The Scottish Farmer (February 17, 2023). Gearchiveerd op 11 december 2023. Geraadpleegd op March 7, 2024.
- ↑ Norwich: Man, 25, goes on trial for terror offences. Norwich Evening News (14 February 2023). Gearchiveerd op February 14, 2023. Geraadpleegd op March 7, 2024.
- ↑ The hand-grenade-in-a-can trap used by the Viet Cong against U.S. soldiers depicted in TC 5-31 Viet Cong Boobytraps, Mines, and Mine Warfare Techniques (1969), p. 4-8 is the same as the one depicted in TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook (1969), pp. 79 - 80.
- ↑ Hiro, Dilip (2002). War Without End: The Rise of Islamist Terrorism and Global Response. Routledge, p. 463. ISBN 9780415288026.
- ↑ Larabee, Ann (2015). The Wrong Hands: Popular Weapons Manuals and Their Historic Challenges to a Democratic Society. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 92, 94, 101, 166, 169, 203. ISBN 978-0-19-020117-3.
- ↑ Ballistics 2011. 26th International Symposium on Ballistics. DEStech Publications, Incorporated (September 2011), p. 347. ISBN 9781605950525.
- ↑ Beveridge, Alexander (2012). Forensic Investigation of Explosions, 2. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, p. 535. ISBN 978-1-4665-0394-6.
- ↑ J. Anderson, Ross (2008). Security Engineering. A Guide to Building Dependable Distributed Systems, 2. Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, 230, 988. ISBN 978-0-470-06852-6.
- ↑ C. Goodrich, Daniel, L. Edwards, Frances (2020). Transportation, Terrorism and Crime: Deterrence, Disruption and Resilience (PDF). Mineta Transportation Institute Publications: 6, 52 (San Jose State University). DOI: 10.31979/mti.2019.1896.
- ↑ Baca, Larry, Analysis of Alternative Convoy Route Patrol Procedures for Countering Improvised Explosive Devices Deployed During Asymmetric Warfare in Afghanistan-like Rural Settings. University of Central Florida (2016). Gearchiveerd op February 25, 2024. Geraadpleegd op March 9, 2024.
- ↑ Toy Story (1995) - See for example minute 58:56 to minute 59:17.. archive.org (1995).
- ↑ 20 Things You Somehow Missed In Toy Story. WhatCulture (23 October 2020). Gearchiveerd op March 15, 2024. Geraadpleegd op March 15, 2024.
External links
- TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook. militarynewbie.com (1969). Gearchiveerd op February 21, 2023. Geraadpleegd op March 13, 2024.
- TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook (v3.0 "Thanks-to-Feinstein's Electronic Edition" of 2007). wikimedia.org. Gearchiveerd op March 11, 2024.
- TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook (v4.0 "Extended Version" of 2024). wikimedia.org. Gearchiveerd op March 24, 2024. Geraadpleegd op March 24, 2024.
