Brontekst bekijken van SS Mount Temple

{{Short description|Passenger cargo steamship built in 1901}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image|Ship image=[[File:Ss mount temple.jpg|300px|SS Mount Temple aground at West Ironbound Island, Nova Scotia]]
|Ship caption=''Mount Temple'' aground at West Ironbound Island
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|UKGBI|civil}}
|Ship name=''Mount Temple''
|Ship namesake=[[William Francis Cowper|Baron Mount Temple]]
|Ship owner=*[[Elder Dempster Lines#Elder Dempster Shipping Limited|Elder, Dempster & Co Ltd]] (1901–1903)
*[[File:Canadian Pacific house flag.svg|border|20px]] [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] (1903–1916)
|Ship operator=
|Ship registry=[[Liverpool]]
|Ship route=*[[Liverpool]]–[[Montreal]] (1903)
*[[London]]–[[Antwerp]]–[[Montreal]] (summers)
*[[London]]–[[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]]–[[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]] (winters)
|Ship ordered=
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder=[[Armstrong Whitworth]] & Co, [[Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne|Walker]]<ref name=miramar/>
|Ship original cost=
|Ship yard number=709
|Ship way number=
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=18 June 1901
|Ship sponsor=Mrs. Swan
|Ship christened=
|Ship completed=19 September 1901
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=
|Ship recommissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship maiden voyage=19 September 1901
|Ship in service=1901–1916
|Ship out of service=6 December 1916
|Ship renamed=
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship refit=
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship homeport=*[[Liverpool]]
|Ship identification = *UK [[official number]] 113496
*[[code letters]] SPCJ
*{{ICS|Sierra}}{{ICS|Papa}}{{ICS|Charlie}}{{ICS|Juliett}}
*[[Maritime call sign|call sign]] MLQ
|Ship motto=
|Ship nickname=
|Ship honours=
|Ship honors=
|Ship captured=
|Ship fate=Sunk by {{SMS|Möwe|1914|6}}, 6 December 1916
|Ship notes=
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}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=
|Ship type=Passenger Cargo Ship
|Ship tonnage=*{{GRT|7656}} (1901–1903)<ref name=lloyds>{{cite book |year=1902–1903 |title=Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping |volume=I.—Steamships |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]]}}</ref>
*{{NRT|4989}} (1901–1903)<ref name=lloyds/>
*{{GRT|8790|link=off}} (1903–1914)<ref name=lloyds1>{{cite book |year=1904–1905 |title=Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping |volume=I.—Steamers |place=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register}}</ref>
*{{NRT|6661|link=off}} (1903–1914)<ref name=lloyds1/>
*{{GRT|9792|link=off}} (1914–1916)<ref name=lloyds2>{{cite book |year=1914–1915 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=I.—Steamers, Sailing Vessels, and Owners |place=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register}}</ref>
*{{NRT|7556|link=off}} (1914–1916)<ref name=lloyds2/>
*{{DWT|11146}}
|Ship displacement=
|Ship length={{convert|485|ft|0|in|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|59|ft|0|in|abbr=on}}
|Ship height=
|Ship draught=
|Ship depth={{convert|30|ft|4|in|abbr=on}}
|Ship hold depth=
|Ship decks=
|Ship deck clearance=
|Ship ramps=
|Ship ice class=
|Ship power=694 [[nhp]]<ref name=lloyds/>
|Ship propulsion=*2 × [[Wallsend Slipway & Engineering Company|Wallsend Slipway & Engineering Co]] 3-cylinder [[triple expansion engine]]s
*2 × screws
|Ship speed={{convert|12.0|kn|mph km/h|lk=in}}<ref name=miramar>{{csr|register=MSI|id=1113496|shipname=Mount Temple|accessdate=14 September 2018}}</ref>
|Ship range=
|Ship endurance=
|Ship test depth=
|Ship boats=
|Ship capacity=1,250 3rd-class and 14 cabin-class passengers
|Ship troops=
|Ship complement=
|Ship crew=117
|Ship sensors=
|Ship armament=[[QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun|3-inch naval gun]] in WWI
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''''Mount Temple''''' was a passenger cargo steamship built in 1901 by [[Armstrong Whitworth]] & Company of [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] for [[Elder Dempster Lines#Elder Dempster Shipping Limited|Elder, Dempster & Co Ltd]] of [[Liverpool]] to operate as part of its Beaver Line. The ship was shortly afterwards acquired by the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]]. It was one of the first vessels to respond to the distress signals of RMS ''[[Titanic]]'' in 1912.

In 1916, while crossing the Atlantic with horses for the war effort and carrying a large number of newly collected [[dinosaur]] fossils (two of which were the [[hadrosaur]]s ''[[Corythosaurus]]''), she was captured and scuttled complete with her cargo.

==Design and construction==
Following acquisition of Beaver Line in 1899 and resolving all the legal questions surrounding it, Elder, Dempster placed an order for a vessel of about {{DWT|11,000|disp=long}} to run on this line between [[Liverpool]], United Kingdom, and Canadian ports and [[New Orleans]], Louisiana. ''Mount Temple'' was [[Keel laying|laid down]] at the Armstrong Whitworth & Company shipyard in Walker and [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 18 June 1901 ([[yard number]] 709), with Mrs. Swan, the wife of Colonel Henry Frederick Swan, being the [[Ship sponsor|sponsor]].<ref name=miramar/><ref name=sh>{{cite news |title=Atlantic Liner Launched at Walker. |date=19 June 1901 |newspaper=Shields Daily Gazette |page=3 }}</ref> At the time, she was the largest ship ever built at Low Walker Yard.<ref name=sh/>
 
After successful completion of [[sea trial]]s on 19 September 1901, in which the ship maintained an average speed of {{convert|11+1/2|kn|lk=in}} over several runs on the measured mile on the [[River Tyne|Tyne]] in very unfavorable weather, she was transferred to her owners and immediately departed for New Orleans.<ref name=no>{{cite news |title=Port Items. |date=11 October 1901 |newspaper=The Times-Democrat |page=11 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23755059/the_timesdemocrat/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}{{free access}}</ref> The vessel was constructed for general cargo trade, and had an iron shelter deck built over the whole length of the ship, good for about 1,100 heads of cattle. She also had all the modern machinery fitted for quick loading and unloading of the cargo. In addition, the ship was fitted with refrigerating machinery and insulated chambers to carry dairy produce and chilled meat.

As built, the ship was {{convert|485|ft|0|in|m}} long ([[length between perpendiculars|between perpendiculars]]) and {{convert|59|ft|0|in|m}} [[beam (nautical)|abeam]], a depth of {{convert|30|ft|4|in|m}}.<ref name=lloyds/> ''Mount Temple'' was originally assessed at {{GRT|7656|disp=long}} and {{NRT|4989|disp=long}} and had deadweight of about 11,200.<ref name=lloyds/> The vessel had a steel hull, and a pair of three-cylinder [[triple-expansion steam engine]], with cylinders of {{convert|22|in|cm|adj=on}}, {{convert|37|in|cm|adj=on}} and {{convert|61|in|cm|adj=on}} diameter with a {{convert|48|in|cm|adj=on}} [[stroke (engine)|stroke]] that drove two screw propellers. Between them the two engines were rated at a total of 694 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|nominal horsepower]]<ref name=lloyds/> and gave the ship a speed of {{convert|12.0|kn}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tynebuiltships.co.uk/M-Ships/mounttemple1901.html |title=Mount Temple |work=Tyne Built Ships |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref>

The ship was named after [[William Francis Cowper]], Baron Mount Temple, a British politician, [[Lord of the Admiralty]] and at the time, also a chairman of Armstrong Whitworth & Company.

==Operational history==
After delivery to her owners on 19 September, ''Mount Temple'' was chartered by the Imperial Government to transport [[remount]]s for the [[British Army]] fighting in South Africa in the [[Second Boer War]]. She departed for her maiden journey on the same day for New Orleans and arrived there on 9 October.<ref name=no/>

===In the Imperial Government service===
As the steamer entered the service late in 1901, she only made three trips in [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] service before the war ended at the end of May 1902. Following her last trip to South Africa she started her normal commercial service.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Remounts from North America carried by ''Mount Temple'' to South Africa in 1901–1902<ref>{{cite book |title=Minutes of Evidence Taken Before the Court of Enquiry on the Administration of the Army Remount Department |year=1902 |publisher=Eyre and Spottiswood |location=Westminster, UK |pages=301–347 }}</ref>
|-
! width="120px"|Date of departure
! width="120px"|Port of departure
! width="120px"|Date of arrival
! width="120px"|Port of arrival
! width="150px"|No. of remounts embarked
! width="250px"|Other cargo
|-
| align="left"  |5 November 1901
| align="center"|New Orleans
| align="left"  |7 December 1901
| align="center"|Durban
| align="center"|1,100 horses
| align="left"  |286 tons hay, 66 tons bran, 6,875 bushels oats, 1,571 bushels corn, 1,100 halters<ref>{{cite news |title=Exports. |newspaper=The Times-Democrat |date=30 October 1901 |page=13 }}</ref>
|-
| align="left"  |4 February 1902
| align="center"|New Orleans
| align="left"  |8 March 1902
| align="center"|Durban
| align="center"|1,100 horses
| align="left"  |256 tons hay, 60 tons bran, 6,930 bushels oats, 1,600 bushels corn, 1,100 halters<ref>{{cite news |title=Exports. |newspaper=The Times-Democrat |date=1 February 1902 |page=13 }}</ref>
|-
| align="left"  |30 April 1902
| align="center"|New Orleans
| align="left"  |28 May 1902
| align="center"|Durban
| align="center"|1,100 horses
| align="left"  |265 tons hay, 60 tons bran, 6,930 bushels oats, 1,600 bushels corn, 1,100 halters<ref>{{cite news |title=Exports. |newspaper=The Times-Democrat |date=29 April 1902 |page=13 }}</ref>
|-
|}

===Commercial service for Elder, Dempster & Co===
After the end of hostilities in South Africa ''Mount Temple'' sailed back to England and arrived at [[South Shields]] on 6 July 1902.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mercantile Shipping News |newspaper=London Standard |date=9 July 1902 |page=10 }}</ref> She departed for her first commercial trip on 27 August for New Orleans in ballast and reached her destination on 15 September. There the vessel took on board a cargo consisting of cotton, wheat and lumber and left New Orleans on 1 October for Liverpool via [[Le Havre|Havre]]. While leaving the port, the steamer ran aground outside the South Pass, but was successfully refloated next day and continued her journey.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23820174/the_timesdemocrat/ |title=Exports. |newspaper=The Times-Democrat |date=1 October 1902 |page=3 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=17 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23820317/the_timesdemocrat/ |title=Mount Temple Aground. |newspaper= The Times-Democrat |date=2 October 1902 |page=2 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=17 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mount Temple Floated, Puts to Sea. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23820458/the_timesdemocrat/ |newspaper= The Times-Democrat |date=3 October 1902 |page=13 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=17 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref> The steamer conducted one more trip in November–December 1902 to [[Galveston, Texas]], where the steamer loaded the port's third largest cargo of cotton at the time, and brought it back to Liverpool,<ref>{{cite news |title=Shipping News. |newspaper=The Commercial & Financial Chronicle |page=1312 |volume=75 |number=1955 |date=13 December 1902}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23822121/austin_americanstatesman/ |title=An Immense Cargo of Cotton. |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=21 December 1902 |page=21 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=17 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref> and another one in January–February 1903 when she transported a large cargo of cotton, wheat and lumber from New Orleans to Havre.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Times-Democrat |date=14 February 1903 |page=13 |title=Exports. }}</ref>

On 24 February 1903, while ''Mount Temple'' was still en route, it was announced that the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] acquired 14 steamers from Elder, Dempster Shipping, serving mostly on Beaver and Elder Lines, for £1,417,500.<ref>{{cite news |title=C.P.R.'s New Steamer Line. |date=24 February 1903 |newspaper=The Ottawa Journal |page=3 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23330051/the_ottawa_journal/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}{{free access}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |publisher=The Annual Review Publishing Company, Ltd. |year=1904 |location=Toronto, Canada |title=The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs |volume=3 |page=418 }}</ref>

===Service with Canadian Pacific Lines===
After completing all the transfer requirement, ''Mount Temple'' was refitted to carry large number of passengers, and the [[Marconi Company]] equipped her for [[wireless telegraphy]]. Her [[Maritime call sign|call sign]] was "MLQ".<ref>Trevent, Edward. (1911) [https://books.google.com/books?id=6xxIAAAAIAAJ&dq=SS+Empress+of+China&pg=RA1-PA13 ''The A B C of Wireless Telegraphy: A Plain Treatise on Hertzian Wave Signalling,'' p. 12.]</ref> Following the redesign, the vessel was also reassessed at {{GRT|8,790}} and {{NRT|6,661}}. ''Mount Temple'' departed Liverpool for her first voyage under new ownership on 12 May 1903 carrying 12 cabin and 1,200 steerage passengers for [[Quebec City]] and about 1,000 tons of general cargo for [[Montreal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mount Temple Sails. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23824530/the_gazette/ |newspaper=The Gazette |date=13 May 1903 |page=10 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=17 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mount Temple in Port. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23824454/the_gazette/ |newspaper=The Gazette |date=26 May 1903 |page=10 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=17 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref> She returned to Liverpool on 10 June with a cargo of 1,361 heads of cattle, wheat, hay and other produce.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exports. |newspaper=The Gazette |date=6 June 1903 |page=15}}</ref> The steamer conducted five more runs between Liverpool and Montreal until the end of navigation season on the [[St. Lawrence River]] in November 1903, carrying general cargo and immigrants from Europe to Canada, and returning with cattle, foodstuffs and lumber. She was subsequently reassigned to the London–[[Antwerp]]–Canada route, serving [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]] and [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] in winter seasons, and Montreal in summers. For example, on 18 April 1905 she brought in 1,922 immigrants to Saint John, the largest number brought by a single ship at the time, destined for settlement in Western Canada.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nearly 2,000 Immigrants Landed Today. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23847060/the_winnipeg_tribune/ |newspaper=The Winnipeg Tribune |date=18 April 1905 |page=1 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=17 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref>

====Stranding in 1907====
''Mount Temple'' left Antwerp on 20 November 1907 on her usual route to Saint John, carrying around 6,000 tons of general cargo and 633 passengers. She was under command of Captain Boothby and had a crew of about 150. After passing [[Cape Pine]], the captain took [[Depth sounding|soundings]] in the morning of 1 December to ascertain the ship's position. By late afternoon the weather deteriorated, becoming overcast, with occasional snow squalls appearing. At around midnight, the captain retired leaving the watch to the second officer, Griffith Owen Lewis, with an order to call him if the weather worsened. Between 01:00 and 02:00 on 2 December, the vessel ran into a series of snow squalls which got progressively stronger and more persistent. At about 02:30 it started snowing heavily and visibility was reduced severely to only about half a length of the ship. About 02:35 the look-out reported a light ahead, which the second officer erroneously interpreted as another ship closing in. He ported the ship, and at 02:44 ''Mount Temple'' struck on the rocks of the [[West Ironbound Island]]. As the ship struck, the rocks pierced the steamer's hull right around the engine room flooding it and extinguishing the fires. A huge tidal wave then smashed over the vessel, destroying about half of the [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|lifeboats]] on board.<ref name=ott>{{cite news |title=Big C.P.R. Liner Wrecked on Iron Bound Island on Canadian Coast. |newspaper=The Ottawa Journal |date=3 December 1907 |page=1 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23870476/the_ottawa_journal/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=19 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref>

Several distress signals were made but due to rough weather no help could be dispatched until the next morning. At daylight it was observed that ''Mount Temple'' was on the ledges of the island and there were about {{convert|75|ft}} between the steamer and the cliffs. Since it was unsafe to disembark the passengers down the sides of the ship into the waters, the crew managed to get the cable from the ship tied directly to the cliffs, and started transferring people in a basket tied to the cable. As the sea subsided, the lifeboats were employed to speed up the evacuation, and the help arrived in the form of several fishing vessels, [[schooner]]s ''Hazel'' and ''Guide'', and the [[Tugboat|tug]] ''Trusty''. By about 17:00 on 3 December all passengers were successfully moved from the wrecked ship to the island, and 150 of them were taken to [[Bridgewater, Nova Scotia|Bridgewater]] by ''Trusty''.<ref name=ott/> The rest of the passengers had to spend a night on the island, and were safely brought to Halifax the next day by the Canadian government steamer ''Lady Laurier''.

[[File:SS Mount Temple in London.jpg|thumb|left|''Mount Temple'' in Thames estuary, early 1900s]]

The ship was left stranded in a dangerous position and the chances of getting the vessel off were considered very slim, however, a new storm that hit the area on 6 December had shifted the steamer about {{convert|20|ft|spell=in}} closer to the island, and with that her position had markedly improved.<ref>{{cite news |title=Storm Helped Steamer. |newspaper=Vancouver Daily World |date=7 December 1907 |page=1 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23871109/vancouver_daily_world/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=19 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref> ''Mount Temple'' had to spend the winter stranded, but was not damaged by the storms, and three attempts were made to float the steamer in February 1908, yet all of them proved to be unsuccessful. Finally, on 15 April 1908 the ship was successfully refloated and was able to proceed under her own steam to [[Lunenburg, Nova Scotia|Lunenburg]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mount Temple Safe. |newspaper=The Gazette |date=16 April 1908 |page=1 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23871700/the_gazette/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=19 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref>

On 19 May 1908 it was reported that the repair contract was awarded to the [[Newport News Shipbuilding|Newport News Shipbuilding Co.]] and ''Mount Temple'' proceeded to [[Newport News, Virginia]], from Halifax in tow on 22 May.<ref>{{cite news |title=Repairs to Mount Temple. |newspaper=The Gazette |date=19 May 1908 |page=4 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23873805/the_gazette/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=19 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref> The steamer sailed from Newport News on 22 August for Quebec City after almost three months of repairs, which cost Canadian Pacific about $140,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mount Temple Leaves the Shipyard Friday. |newspaper=Daily Press |date=19 August 1908 |page=3 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23874070/daily_press/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=19 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref> Upon arrival she loaded her usual cargo and left 2 September for London, resuming her regular service.

On 14 October 1911 while entering [[Gravesend]] ''Mount Temple'' collided with an Australian steamer SS ''Osterley'' anchored at Tilbury Dock, causing some slight damage to her bow.<ref>{{cite news |title=Latest Wrecks Etc |newspaper=London Standard |date=16 October 1911 |page=3 }}</ref>

On 18 January 1912 ''Mount Temple'' on her trip from Halifax to London under command of Captain Moore encountered steamer SS ''Dart'' about {{convert|800|mi}} east-northeast of Halifax, drifting helplessly with broken rudder. She spent the night standing by but did not connect the towing cables and abandoned ''Dart'' the next day.<ref>{{cite news |title=News of the Shipping. |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |date=2 February 1912 |page=10 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23881441/the_baltimore_sun/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=19 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref>

====Actions during the sinking of RMS ''Titanic''====
''Mount Temple'' set out on her usual voyage at 14:00 on 3 April 1912 from Antwerp bound for Saint John, New Brunswick. The steamer was under the command of captain James Henry Moore<ref>{{harvnb|Piouffre|2009|p=182}}</ref> and was carrying 1,466&nbsp;passengers, mostly steerage, and a crew of 143. On the night of 14–15 April, ''Mount Temple''{{'}}s [[Marconi]] wireless operator, John Durrant, was about to sign off for the evening when at around 00:11 ship's time (22:25 New York Time) he picked up a distress signal from {{RMS|Titanic}}, which was sinking after a [[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|collision with an iceberg]].<ref>{{harvnb|Piouffre|2009|p=154}}</ref> The message contained an erroneous distress position of {{coord|41|44|N|50|24|W|}}. Durrant had the message relayed to the bridge by a steward, and acknowledged receipt of the signal to ''Titanic''{{'}}s wireless operator, [[Jack Phillips (wireless officer)|Jack Phillips]]. Phillips had difficulty hearing the call from Durrant, however, because of the racket of steam which was then 'blowing off' from ''Titanic''{{'}}s funnels. Durrant made sure not to jam the ongoing exchange between ''Titanic'' and other ships, which he assumed to be closer to the scene.<ref name=dop>{{cite web |url=http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTInq08Durrant01.php |title=British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry, Day 8: Testimony of John Durrant}}</ref><ref name=oper>{{cite news |title=Operator Noted the Time. |newspaper=New York Tribune |date=26 April 1912 |page=2 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23885302/newyork_tribune/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=19 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref> Ten minutes after the first distress call from ''Titanic'' was received (at 00:21 ship's time, 22:35 New York time), another message came in from ''Titanic'' with corrected distress coordinates: the position of {{coord|41|46|N|50|14|W|}}. This position was {{convert|13|mi}} west of where ''Titanic'' actually sank, as confirmed by the wreck's coordinates. (The center of ''Titanic''{{'}}s boiler field is located at {{coord|41|43.5|N|49|56.8|W|}})

When this message was received, Captain Moore was asleep. After being awakened, he assessed the situation carefully. He had standing orders to avoid icebergs, but after receiving the distress call he decided to mount a rescue operation. He immediately turned his ship around and steamed north-northeast at an estimated speed of {{convert|11+1/2|kn}} towards ''Titanic''{{'}}s last reported position of {{coord|41|46|N|50|14|W|}}. He consulted with his chief engineer, John Gillet, to try to coax even more speed out of the ageing vessel. Moore worked out his own rough position as {{coord|41|25|N|51|14|W}}, about {{convert|61|nmi|lk=in}} south and west from the now-established location of the wreck of the ''Titanic'' ({{coord|41|43.5|N|49|56.8|W|}}). Even at full speed, it would take around four&nbsp;hours to cover the distance between his ship and ''Titanic.''<ref name=inq1>{{cite web |url=http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq09Moore01.php |title=United States Senate Inquiry, Day 9: Testimony of Captain Moore, Part 1}}</ref>

Once underway, Moore had his off-duty crew awakened and briefed and ordered the 20&nbsp;lifeboats aboard uncovered. He had ropes and ladders readied, lifebelts prepared and posted extra lookouts to aid avoiding the icebergs reported in the area.<ref name=inq2>{{cite web |url=http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq09Moore02.php |title=United States Senate Inquiry, Day 9:Testimony of Captain Moore, Part 2}}</ref> Initial progress was good but after finding his ship coming upon a large ice field at around 03:00 on 15 April, the vessel slowed until becoming increasingly surrounded by pack ice. Around this time, ''Mount Temple'' encountered what was thought to be a schooner with just a single green light, which went unidentified and caused the ship to take evasive action.<ref name=inq1/> This green light may have been a rocket or flare launched by either survivors of the ''Titanic'' or launched by {{RMS|Carpathia}} speeding to the rescue. With the amount of ice becoming ever greater, ''Mount Temple'' heaved-to around {{convert|14|nmi}} short of ''Titanic''{{'}}s last reported position at around 03:25 and continued drifting through the ice field until the daybreak. She reached the last known position of ''Titanic'' around 04:30, and found herself in a heavily packed ice-field, but no trace of survivors or wreckage.<ref name=inq2/> After about half an hour wait, Moore proceeded south-southeast looking for an opening to pass thorough the pack ice, but eventually reversed course back to north-northwest, shadowing the western edge of the ice pack.<ref name=inq2/> Some time between 6:00 and 06:30 ''Carpathia'', commanded by Captain [[Arthur Rostron]], was sighted to the east of the vessel, and {{SS|Californian}} was observed to the north cutting across the ice field from east to west.<ref name=inq4/> At 06:52, after the sunrise, Moore took [[prime vertical]] sight of the sun to determine his position and found out he was several miles east of ''Titanic''{{'}}s reported longitude and, using [[dead reckoning]], concluded that her actual accident location to be about {{convert|8|mi|spell=in}} further east, across the ice field in front of him.<ref name=inq4>{{cite web |url=http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq09Moore04.php |title=United States Senate Inquiry, Day 9: Testimony of Captain Moore, Part 4}}</ref>

''Mount Temple'' sent a wireless request to ''Carpathia'' but received no answer. At around 08:30 ''Californian'' came along ''Carpathia'' as she was finishing picking up the last survivors.<ref>{{harvnb|Piouffre|2009|p=203}}</ref> At 08:31 ''Carpathia'' reported picking up 20 boats, and sent another message at 09:26 telling everyone there was no more need to stand by, following which, Moore gave the order to reverse course and continue the voyage to New Brunswick.<ref name=inq4 /> Once ''Mount Temple'' had docked at Saint John on 19 April, he was summoned to the American and later British inquests into the sinking.<ref>{{cite web|title=United States Senate Inquiry, Index of Witnesses|url=http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq01Indx2a.php|access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>

As soon as ''Mount Temple'' reached Canada, she became the center of controversy as two passengers, and allegedly some crew members, stated that the ship was close to ''Titanic'' but failed to come to her rescue as they saw her distress rockets and even watched her sinking.<ref>{{cite news |title=Crew Against Captain. |newspaper=The Boston Globe |date=25 April 1912 |page=5 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23912425/the_boston_globe/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=19 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Passenger Makes Grave Charges. |newspaper=The Gazette |date=25 April 1912 |page=4 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23954713/the_gazette/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=19 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref> These speculations were ignored by both the American and British inquiries, and none of ''Mount Temple''{{'}}s officers either testified or submitted affidavits in support of these claims. Captain Moore himself testified that no passenger could have witnessed an event such as rockets bursting over a ship since no passenger was on deck at 12 o'clock at night to be able to see it.<ref>[https://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq09Moore02.php "United States Senate Inquiry, Day 9: Testimony of Captain Moore, Part 2"].</ref> Over the years, attempts have been made to stir up further controversy over ''Mount Temple''{{'}}s role in the sinking of the ''Titanic'', often in a thinly-veiled attempt to deflect blame and responsibility from the Leyland liner ''Californian'', which was probably closer to the scene of the tragedy, and whose officers reported seeing a number of rockets bursting over an unidentified ship they were watching.

The controversy surrounding ''Mount Temple'' was further stirred up in November 2020 by the PBS program ''Abandoning the Titanic'', part of the ''[[Secrets of the Dead]]'' series.<ref name=PBS>{{cite web|title=Abandoning the Titanic|work=Secrets of the Dead|date=6 October 2020 |publisher=PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/abandoning-the-titanic-full-fulm/5590/|access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> Airing in some countries as ''Titanic: A Dead Reckoning'', it was co-produced and co-written by journalist and ''Titanic'' author [[Senan Molony]]. The show repeated some old claims about ''Mount Temple'' and its role in the disaster, and made some new ones. Among these claims, it was said that ''Mount Temple'' was much closer to ''Titanic'' when the SOS was received, that ''Mount Temple'' approached to within {{convert|5|mi|spell=in}} of ''Titanic'' when Captain Moore decided to retreat after encountering the ice field in an attempt to avoid risk to his own ship, and that ''Mount Temple'' matched the appearance of the "mystery ship" that was being observed from ''Titanic'' because of the distance between her four [[Mast (sailing)|masts]], as later observed by the commander of the raider which sank ''Mount Temple'' in World War I. The show concluded that ''Californian''{{'}}s captain, [[Stanley Lord]], was wrongly pilloried for failing to reach ''Titanic'', when it was actually ''Mount Temple''{{'}}s [[Master mariner|Master]] who abandoned the doomed liner's passengers and crew to their fate.

This hypothesis, however, is strongly contested by historians. In January 2021, a well-known team of ''Titanic'' historians and authors released a rebuttal paper entitled: 'Abandoning the ''Titanic''{{'}}, Abandoning Reality: The Truth About the SS ''Mount Temple''.'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wormstedt.com/Titanic/Abandoning_the_titanic.pdf |title='ABANDONING THE TITANIC': ABANDONING REALITY:THE TRUTH ABOUT THE SS MOUNT TEMPLE |first1=Mark |last1=Chirnside |first2=Tad |last2=Fitch |first3=Sam |last3=Halpern |first4=J. Kent |last4=Layton |first5=Bill |last5=Wormstedt |date=30 January 2021 |access-date=27 February 2024}}</ref> Although the new show attempts to discredit Captain Moore of ''Mount Temple'' and lays blame for "abandoning" ''Titanic'' and those aboard her to their fate, the historical record clearly proves otherwise. At a distance of {{convert|49.5|nmi}} from the famous distress coordinates of ''Titanic'', and roughly {{convert|60|mi}} from the actual location of the disaster, ''Mount Temple'' was simply too far away to be seen from those aboard ''Titanic'', and for those aboard ''Mount Temple'' to see ''Titanic'' or her distress rockets. Captain Moore and his crew made a desperate attempt to reach the stricken ''Titanic'', but only reached the western side of the ice field that stood between her and the wreck site some 2 hours and 40 minutes after ''Titanic'' sank. There was no way that she could have reached ''Titanic'' in time to carry out a rescue; she did not 'abandon' ''Titanic''.

[[Mount Temple Seamount]], one of the [[Fogo Seamounts]] southeast of the [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland]] in the North Atlantic Ocean, is named after ''Mount Temple'' for her role in the sinking of the ''Titanic''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mpo-dfo.gc.ca/science/hydrography-hydrographie/acufn/index-eng.html|title=Advisory Committee on Undersea Feature Names|work=Fogo Seamounts|date=16 January 2019 |publisher=[[Fisheries and Oceans Canada]]|accessdate=2021-02-10}}</ref>

====Grounding in 1913====
On 24 September 1913 ''Mount Temple'' left Montreal at 05:20 for her regular trip, carrying a large cargo of grain for London and general cargo for Antwerp. She was still under command of Captain Moore, and had a [[Maritime pilot|pilot]] on board. At the time of her departure, the weather was foggy. The vessel proceeded as far as the new drydock before changing her course too far south and subsequently ran aground opposite off [[Hochelaga-Maisonneuve|Maisonneuve]] at 05:35 on the mud banks of [[Longueuil]]. Ten or eleven tugs were dispatched right away, but they could not refloat the ship. Attempts to refloat the ship continued the next day as the ship's general cargo was being partially discharged to lighten the ship, but they proved to be unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mount Temple Ashore; Grounds During Fog. |newspaper=Edmonton Journal |date=24 September 1913 |page=1 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23964389/edmonton_journal/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=22 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mount Temple Still Aground. |newspaper=The Gazette |date=25 September 1913 |page=7 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23964958/the_gazette/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=22 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref> As most of the cargo was taken out from the forward holds, the vessel stern sunk deeper into the mud, which prompted the rescuers to also unload the aft holds to even the ship. The ship was also taking on water indicating that some bottom plates were damaged in the grounding. The steamer was eventually floated in the morning of 26 September and was taken to dock where she had to unload her cargo of grain. The situation was somewhat exacerbated by the fact that Montreal had limited grain discharging equipment installed being a grain export port. Following the unloading of her cargo which took almost a week, ''Mount Temple'' was repaired and released from the drydock on 12 October.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mount Temple Still Aground. |newspaper=The Gazette |date=13 October 1913 |page=16 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23966099/the_gazette/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=22 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref>

====War service====
''Mount Temple'' continued trading on her route all the way until Great Britain entered the [[World War I]] on 2 August 1914. She arrived at London on 5 August with her usual cargo from Montreal, but on 12 August it was announced that the steamer was requisitioned together with many other large commercial vessels by the Admiralty to serve as a food and troop transport.<ref>{{cite news |title=Canadian Steamers for War. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23966509/newyork_tribune/ |newspaper=New York Tribune |page=2 |date=13 August 1914 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=22 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref> In her transport capacity she sailed between England and France carrying troops and provision. For example, on 12–15 February 1915 ''Mount Temple'' carried 15th Battalion of the [[48th Highlanders of Canada|48th Highlanders]] from [[Bristol]] to [[St Nazaire]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Beattie |first=Kim |title=48th Highlanders of Canada |year=1932 |pages=35–37 |url=http://15thbattalioncef.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/48th_Hist1.pdf |accessdate=22 September 2018}}</ref>

During the war she was [[Defensively equipped merchant ship|defensively armed]] with a [[QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun|{{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on|0}} naval gun]] on her stern.

In August 1915 it was announced that [[Allan Line Steamships]] and Canadian Pacific Railway had merged forming a new company named Canadian Pacific Ocean Services, Ltd. As a result, ''Mount Temple'' was released by the British Admiralty back to her commercial service in October 1915.<ref>{{cite news |title=Canadian Steamship Merger. |newspaper=Railway & Marine News |page=43 |date=November 1915 |volume=XIII |number=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Merger of Canadian Steamship Lines. |newspaper=Exporter's Review |page=28 |date=August 1915 |volume=18 |number=4}}</ref>

After the release, ''Mount Temple'' transported about 1,200 German [[prisoners of war]] (POWs) captured during the [[Battle of Loos]] from France to England before proceeding to Montreal, where she arrived on 28 October 1915.<ref>{{cite news |title=German Prisoners of Poor Physique. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23980490/the_gazette/ |newspaper=The Gazette |page=13 |date=29 October 1915 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=22 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref>

====Sinking====
''Mount Temple'' departed Montreal for her final voyage on 3 December 1916 for [[Brest, France|Brest]], and then continuing to Liverpool. The ship was under command of Captain Alfred Henry Sargent and had a crew of 109. The ship carried a cargo of 710 horses and 6,250 tons of goods, including 3,000 tons of wheat, 1,400 cases of eggs, and several thousand cases of apples among other things. Also on board were 22 wooden crates of dinosaur fossils, collected in the [[Badlands]] of [[Alberta]] by the American paleontologist [[Charles Hazelius Sternberg|Charles H. Sternberg]]. These were en route to Sir [[Arthur Smith Woodward]], keeper of the [[British Museum]]'s [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Department]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Log of the Raider Moewe Furnishes Thrilling War Romance. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23982278/new_york_herald/ |newspaper=New York Herald |date=16 February 1919 |page=70 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=23 September 2018}}{{free access}}</ref><ref name=hurd>{{cite book |last=Hurd |first=Archibald |title=History of the Great War: The Merchant Navy, Part II |publisher=John Murray |location=London, UK |year=1924 |page=399}}</ref>

The ship was captured roughly {{convert|620|nmi}} W{{sfrac|2}}S off [[Fastnet Rock|Fastnet]] early in the afternoon of 6 December 1916. {{SMS|Möwe|1914|6}}, outwardly a cargo ship, caught up with ''Mount Temple'' and fired a shot across her bow. After ''Mount Temple''{{'}}s gun crew manned the gun, ''Möwe'' fired back and with its superior firepower hit the funnel and the boat deck, silencing the gun. Three crew members aboard ''Mount Temple'' were killed in the brief battle. A fourth was wounded, and died a few days later aboard ''Möwe''. Over a hundred crew and passengers were taken off the vessel before explosives were used to help [[Scuttling|scuttle]] her at about 18:00.<ref name=hurd/> On 12 December 1916, they were brought aboard the captured British ship ''[[SMS Leopard (1912)|Yarrowdale]]'', and arrived at [[Swinemunde, Germany]] on 31 December. The US citizens among them were released in early March 1917 as the United States was [[Neutrality (international relations)|neutral]] at the time. The others were interned as POWs.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|language=fr|last=Piouffre|first=Gérard|title=Le Titanic ne répond plus|location=Paris|publisher=Larousse|year=2009|isbn=978-2-03-584196-4}}
* Trevent, Edward. (1911) [https://books.google.com/books?id=6xxIAAAAIAAJ&q=SS+Empress+of+China ''The A B C of Wireless Telegraphy: A Plain Treatise on Hertzian Wave Signalling.'']  Lynne, Massachusetts: Bubier Publishing.
{{commons category|Mount Temple (ship, 1901)}}

==External links==
* {{Facebook|SSMountTemple|SS Mount Temple}}
* [http://www.smsmoewe.com/ships/smsms39.htm Mount Temple biography at www.smsmoewe.com]
* [http://www.norwayheritage.com/p_ship.asp?sh=motem Mount Temple Timeline and data]
* [https://wormstedt.com/Titanic/Abandoning_the_titanic.pdf 'Abandoning the Titanic, Abandoning Reality: The Truth About the SS Mount Temple', by Mark Chirnside, Tad Fitch, Samuel Halpern, J. Kent Layton, and Bill Wormstedt. (25 January 2021)]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20140826120550/http://www.ssmounttemple.com/indexmt.htm Project from early 2000's to salvage the fossils] (archived link)

{{1907 shipwrecks}}
{{December 1916 shipwrecks}}
{{RMS Titanic}}

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[[Category:Ships built by Armstrong Whitworth]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Tyne]]
[[Category:1901 ships]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of CP Ships]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1907]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1916]]
[[Category:Scuttled vessels of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:RMS Titanic]]