Brontekst bekijken van Rifleman

{{short description|Infantry soldier armed with a rifle}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2016}}
[[File:Green jacketed rifleman firing Baker rifle 1803.jpg|thumb|Green jacketed [[British Army]] rifleman aiming a [[Baker rifle]], c. 1803]]

A '''rifleman''' is an [[infantry]] [[soldier]] armed with a [[rifling|rifled]] [[long gun]].  Although the rifleman role had its origin with 16th century [[hand cannoneer]]s and 17th century [[musketeer]]s, the term  originated in the 18th century with the introduction of the [[rifled musket]].  By the mid-19th century, entire [[rifle regiment|regiments of riflemen]] were formed and became the mainstay of all standard infantry, and ''rifleman'' became a generic term for any common infantryman.

==History==
Units of musketeers were originally developed to support units of [[pikemen]].  As firearms became more effective and widely used, the composition of these pike-and-musket units changed, with pikemen eventually becoming support units to the musketeers, particularly against [[cavalry]].  The last pike regiments were dissolved by the 1720s, as pikes were superseded by the invention of the [[bayonet]].  This converted the musket into a pike for those situations where it might still be useful, such as following up volleys with a charge, crowd control, or defensive formations.

Smooth-bore weapons, such as the [[musket]], had always been recognized as relatively inaccurate, especially at longer ranges, and required massed volleys to be combat-effective.  Although the smoothbore barrels impeded the accuracy of a musket, it was an advantage when loading because the looser fitting musket ball slid down the barrel quickly and easily with the ramrod being used mainly to compress the powder charge at the base of the barrel. Rifles required a tighter fit and thus more work to get the ball to be rammed all the way down the barrel. This meant that the soldiers chosen for this role needed to be [[Sharpshooter|good shots]], resilient, brave, and resourceful. Riflemen were trained to act in isolation and were dispersed in teams of two, defending each other while they re-loaded. They were still vulnerable, especially to cavalry, as they could not present the solid wall of bayonets a larger mass of soldiers could. These factors: the time and expense required in training, the limited number of suitable recruits, and the specialized roles and situations where they were most effective meant they were highly prized, given special privileges, and used sparingly rather than squandered.

Such rifle units reached their heyday in the period shortly before and during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], with the British riflemen partially derived from units of colonial [[militia]] (see [[Rogers' Rangers]] or the [[King's Royal Rifle Corps|Royal Americans]]) — truly excelling in the [[American War of Independence]].  Regular units of rifles formed in the [[British Army]] in 1800 were the [[King's Royal Rifle Corps|60th Regiment of Foot]] and the [[Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)|95th Regiment of Foot]].  These units were often given the name "[[light infantry]]", emphasizing their specialized roles.

Starting in the 1840s, with the advent of the [[Minié ball]] and the first military [[breech-loading]] rifles, the rifles entered the age of [[Industrial warfare|industrialized warfare]].  It was mass-produced and accessible to all infantrymen.  The high level of training and specialized roles gave way to generality: the rifles were much faster and simpler to load, able to be reloaded while prone, and impossible to be double-loaded after a misfire. The term 'rifleman', once used solely as a mark of distinction and pride, became a commonplace description of all infantry, no matter what their actual status was. Nevertheless, the term retained a certain ''élan'' that is still found today.

==Rank==
In many (particularly Commonwealth) armies, "rifleman" is a [[military rank|rank]] equivalent to [[Private (rank)|private]], abbreviated 
Rfn.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=James W.|title=The 1st Royal Irish Rifles in the Great War|date=2002|page=17}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Forty|first1=George|title=British Army Handbook, 1939-1945|url=https://archive.org/details/britisharmyhandb00fort|url-access=limited|date=1998|page=[https://archive.org/details/britisharmyhandb00fort/page/n202 190]|isbn=9780750914031 }}</ref>

==Modern tactics==
[[File:Afghan National Army recruits perform safety checks on their weapons at the small arms range. (4782335415).jpg|thumb|[[Afghan Army|Afghan National Army]] riflemen performing safety checks on their [[M16 rifle|M16 rifles]] at a [[Shooting range|firing range]], 2010]]
Modern riflemen are armed with [[select-fire]] [[assault rifle]]s, which are considered technically distinct from older forms of rifle. However, the grouping of infantry according to their function as linemen is the structure which early modern militaries emerged from. Riflemen are the basic modern soldiers from which all other soldierly functions stem. Though by tradition certain infantry units are based on the rifleman, they employ a variety of other specialised soldiers in conjunction with the rifleman.

In the context of the modern [[fire team]], rifleman can be used to indicate a basic position such as [[scout (military)|scout]], team leader, or [[designated marksman]].  In the same context, the terms "designated automatic rifleman" and "assistant automatic rifleman" are used to describe a soldier who carries either a [[light support weapon]] or its ammunition.

The term "long-rifleman" is often used by [[Police tactical unit|police tactical units]], [[Counterterrorism|counterterrorist]] units, and small-scale team-based military forces worldwide. It is an assignment rather than a rank, and refers to a [[marksman]] or [[sharpshooter]] (not a [[sniper]], who is additionally an expert in [[fieldcraft]]) who is meant to expand the team's effective range with a long, scoped rifle.

== Rifleman in different countries ==

===Australia===
Riflemen are employed by the [[Australian Army]] in both the Regular Army and the Army Reserve. Riflemen in the Australian Army are members of the [[Royal Australian Infantry Corps]]. Riflemen in the Regular Army are organised into seven battalions of the [[Royal Australian Regiment]].

The 7 battalions are composed of: 
*[[1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment|1st Battalion]] (1 RAR)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Divisions-and-Brigades/Forces-Command/3rd-Brigade/1st-Battalion-The-Royal-Australian-Regiment|title=1st Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=9 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20140319062855/http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Divisions-and-Brigades/Forces-Command/3rd-Brigade/1st-Battalion-The-Royal-Australian-Regiment|archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref>
*[[2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment|2nd Battalion]] (2 RAR)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Divisions-and-Brigades/Forces-Command/3rd-Brigade/2nd-Battalion-The-Royal-Australian-Regiment|title=2nd Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=9 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20140319062907/http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Divisions-and-Brigades/Forces-Command/3rd-Brigade/2nd-Battalion-The-Royal-Australian-Regiment|archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref>
*[[3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment|3rd Battalion]] (3 RAR)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Divisions-and-Brigades/Forces-Command/3rd-Brigade/3rd-Battalion-The-Royal-Australian-Regiment|title=3rd Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=9 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20140801050418/http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Divisions-and-Brigades/Forces-Command/3rd-Brigade/3rd-Battalion-The-Royal-Australian-Regiment|archive-date=1 August 2014}}</ref>
*[[5th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment|5th Battalion]] (5 RAR)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Divisions-and-Brigades/Forces-Command/1st-Brigade/5th-Battalion-The-Royal-Australian-Regiment|title=5th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=9 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20140801050449/http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Divisions-and-Brigades/Forces-Command/1st-Brigade/5th-Battalion-The-Royal-Australian-Regiment|archive-date=1 August 2014}}</ref>
*[[6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment|6th Battalion]] (6 RAR)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Divisions-and-Brigades/Forces-Command/7th-Brigade/6th-Battalion-The-Royal-Australian-Regiment|title=6th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=9 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20140801050512/http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Divisions-and-Brigades/Forces-Command/7th-Brigade/6th-Battalion-The-Royal-Australian-Regiment|archive-date=1 August 2014}}</ref>
*[[7th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment|7th Battalion]] (7 RAR)<ref name=7RAR>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Divisions-and-Brigades/Forces-Command/1st-Brigade/7th-Battalion-The-Royal-Australian-Regiment|title=7th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=9 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20140801050543/http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Divisions-and-Brigades/Forces-Command/1st-Brigade/7th-Battalion-The-Royal-Australian-Regiment|archive-date=1 August 2014}}</ref>
*[[8th/9th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment|8th/9th Battalion]] (8/9 RAR).<ref name=89RAR>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Divisions-and-Brigades/Forces-Command/7th-Brigade/8th-9th-Battalion-The-Royal-Australian-Regiment|title=8th/9th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=9 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20140801050609/http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Divisions-and-Brigades/Forces-Command/7th-Brigade/8th-9th-Battalion-The-Royal-Australian-Regiment|archive-date=1 August 2014}}</ref>

Riflemen of the Army Reserve are organised into individual state and university regiments with reserve depots being found in many places throughout rural and metropolitan Australia.

===Israel===
In the [[Israel Defense Forces]] every soldier goes through some basic infantry training called ''[[Tironut]]''. However, the level of training changes according to the role and unit to which the soldier belongs. The Rifleman profession (in [[Hebrew]]: רובאי) includes basic military skills, physical training, military discipline, and use of the [[assault rifle]]. More infantry skills (such as operating diverse weapons) are added as the level of training increases.

Basic training (''Tironut''):
* Non-combat soldiers are trained as Rifleman 02.
* Combat-support troops are trained as Rifleman 03.
* [[Combat Engineering]] soldiers, [[Field Intelligence Corps]] soldiers, Border Guard policemen and [[infantry]] soldiers are trained as Rifleman 05.

Advanced training (''Imun Mitkadem''):
* Combat soldiers of Artillery Corps are trained as Rifleman 03.
* Specialized Combat Soldiers of the Artillery corps are trained as Rifleman 04.
* Combat soldiers of Armor corps are trained as Rifleman 04.
* mounted [[Field Intelligence Corps]] soldiers are trained as Recon Rifleman 05.
* [[Field Intelligence Corps|infantry Field Intelligence Corps]] soldiers are trained as Recon Rifleman 07.
* [[Combat Engineering]] [[sapper]]s are trained as Rifleman 07.
* [[Infantry]] soldiers are trained as Rifleman 07.

Additional training for combat soldiers:
* Combat squad [[commander]]s are trained as Rifleman 08.
* Combat Senior Sergeants are trained as Rifleman 10.
* Combat [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]]s are trained as Rifleman 12.

===Rhodesia===
The [[Rhodesia Regiment]] had an affiliation with the [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]] since World War I. The regiment's badge was the [[Maltese Cross]], the colours were red, black and rifle green and rifle green berets were worn. A private soldier had the title of Rifleman.

=== United Kingdom ===
[[File:2 95th riflemen in various fighting stances.jpg|thumb|right|A historical reenactment with the British [[Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)|95th Rifles regiment]].]]
[[File:Robin Hood Rifles.jpg|thumb|right|Uniform of the Robin Hood Rifles depicted on a 1939 cigarette card]]
[[File:US President JF Kennedy inspects Bermuda Rifles 1961.jpg|thumb|[[John Fitzgerald Kennedy]], escorted by a [[Bermuda Militia Artillery]] officer in [[Royal Artillery]] blue No. 1 Dress, inspects green-uniformed riflemen of the [[Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps|Bermuda Rifles]] in 1961]]

From their inception British Rifle Regiments were distinguished by a dark green dress with blackened buttons, black leather equipment, and sombre facing colours designed for concealment. This has been retained to the present day for those British units that still carry on the traditions of the riflemen. Their most famous weapon was the [[Baker rifle]] (officially known as the Pattern 1800 Infantry Rifle), which in the hands of the elite 95th regiment and the light companies of the 60th regiment and the [[Kings German Legion]] gained fame in the [[Peninsular War]] against [[Napoleonic France]].

*[[King's Royal Rifle Corps|60th rifles/King's Royal Rifle Corps]]
*[[The Rifle Brigade|95th Rifles/The Rifle Brigade]]
*[[Royal Ulster Rifles]]
*[[Royal Green Jackets]]
*[[The Rifles]]
*[[Royal Gurkha Rifles]]
*[[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)]]

During the [[Siege of Delhi]] the [[Sirmoor Battalion|8th (Sirmoor) Local Battalion]] along with the [[60th Rifles]] defended [[Hindu Rao|Hindu Rao's House]] during which a strong bond developed. After the rebellion, the 60th Rifles pressed for the Sirmoor Battalion to become a rifle regiment. This honour was granted to them the following year (1858) when the Battalion was renamed the [[Sirmoor Rifle Regiment]]. Later all British Army Gurkha regiments were designated rifle regiments a nomenclature maintained to this day with the [[Royal Gurkha Rifles]].

The rank of Rifleman instead of [[Private (rank)|Private]] was officially introduced in 1923.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rgjmuseum.co.uk/pages_dykt/dykt_0002.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302035120/http://www.rgjmuseum.co.uk/pages_dykt/dykt_0002.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2012|title=About the Royal Green Jackets|access-date=6 June 2011}}</ref>

The British military had, from the union of the [[Kingdom of England]] and the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] to form the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] in 1707 until the end of the Napoleonic Wars, included a standing army (the "Regular Army") and the [[Board of Ordnance]], a more ancient part-time, conscripted [[Militia (English)|Militia]], the part-time [[Yeomanry]] cavalry, and various short-lived volunteer and fencible units formed for the duration of emergencies. In the 1850s, the Militia was re-organised into a voluntarily-recruited force that, like the army, enlisted recruits for fixed terms of service.

Concerns over the vulnerability of Britain to attack by a continental power, especially with much of the Regular Army garrisoning the Empire, also led to the creation of a permanent [[Volunteer Force]]. Although this would include various types of units, the majority were company-sized Volunteer Rifle Corps, dressed in rifle-green or grey uniforms and trained as skirmishers to support the line infantry of the regular army or to act independently to harry enemy forces.

Successive reforms saw the smaller corps grouped into battalions with neighbouring corps, then most lost their identities when they became volunteer battalions of new county regiments 1881. These regiments typically contained two regular battalions, which had previously been separate single battalion regiments, as the first and second battalions, sharing a depot, with militia and volunteer units in the same county becoming additionally numbered battalions. As the majority of these new regiments were formed from regular line infantry and most of the volunteer rifle corps linked with them would lose their identity as rifle units. Examples included the [[Robin Hood Rifles]], which was to become the 7th (Robin Hood) Battalion, [[Sherwood Foresters|Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment)]]. The rifles identity was not always lost despite becoming part of a line infantry regiment.

The [[Liverpool Rifles|5th Lancashire Rifle Volunteer Corps]], became part of the 2nd Administrative Battalion Lancashire Rifle Volunteers, which became the 5th (Liverpool Rifle Brigade) Rifle Volunteer Corps, the 2nd Volunteer Battalion of the King's Regiment (Liverpool), and then the 6th Battalion (Rifles) King's Regiment (Liverpool). In 1936, the battalion was retrained to operate searchlights and redesignated the 38th (The King's Regiment) Anti-Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers (Territorial Army), and in 1940 it was renamed the 38th (The Kings Regiment) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery (Territorial Army). Despite the change of parent corps, the battalion wore 'Liverpool Rifles' shoulder titles with red lettering on a Rifle green backgrounds.

Other volunteer rifle corps retained their independence and their identities through the various re-organisations of the latter 19th and earlier 20th Centuries, such as the [[Artists Rifles]]. Twenty-six former volunteer rifle corps in London on the formation of the Territorial Force (merging Militia, Yeomanry and Volunteer Force) in 1908 became battalions of the new [[London Regiment (1908–1938)|London Regiment]], with each retaining its own distinctive rifle green or grey uniform. Colonial military establishments often lagged behind re-organisations in Britain or followed different paths of re-organisation. Examples include the [[Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps]], which was not re-organised as a territorial until 1921, but remained an independent corps and retained the same name until being re-designated the [[Bermuda Rifles]] in 1949 (it lost its rifles identity when amalgamated into the [[Royal Bermuda Regiment]] in 1965) and the [[Hong Kong Artillery and Rifle Volunteer Corps]], re-named the Hong Kong Defence Corps by 1917.

===United States===
[[File:The American Soldier, 1814 - Riflemen.jpg|thumb|Riflemen of the War of 1812 in green fringed hunting shirts. Officer and sergeant in regulation gray. A general staff officer stands in the left foreground; behind him a mounted general officer.]] 
In 1808, the [[United States Army]] created its first [[Regiment of Riflemen (United States)|Regiment of Riflemen]]. During the [[War of 1812]] three more Rifle Regiments were raised but disbanded after the war. The Rifle Regiment was disbanded in 1821.

In the [[Mexican–American War]] Colonel [[Jefferson Davis]] created and led the [[Mississippi Rifles]].

Riflemen were listed as separate to infantry up to the [[American Civil War]].<ref>United States War Department ''Revised Regulations for the Army of the United States, 1861: With a Full Index'' J. G. L. Brown, printer, 1861</ref>

During the Civil War, Sharpshooter regiments were raised in the North with several companies being raised by individual states for their own regiments.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Katcher|first1=Philip|last2=Walsh|first2=Stephen|title=Sharpshooters of the American Civil War 1861&ndash;65|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2002|page=4|isbn=978-1-84176-463-4}}</ref>

In the [[United States Marine Corps]], the [[Military Occupational Specialty]] (MOS) [[MOS 0311|0311]] is for Rifleman. It is the primary infantry MOS for the Marine Corps, equivalent to the [[U.S. Army]] [[List of United States Army careers#Infantry Branch .28IN.29|MOS 11B]] for [[Infantryman]]. Training for Marine Corps Riflemen is conducted at the [[U.S. Marine Corps School of Infantry]] and training for U.S. Army Riflemen is conducted at [[U.S. Army Infantry School]].

==See also==
Rifles associated with riflemen
*[[Service rifle]]
*[[Assault rifle]]
*[[Battle rifle]]
*[[Baker rifle]]
*[[Sharps Rifle]]
Similar types of infantry
*[[Light Infantry]]
*[[Jäger (military)|Jaeger]]
*[[Sniper]]
*[[Sharpshooter]]
*[[Chasseur]]
*[[Fusilier]]
*[[Grenadier]]
*[[Skirmisher]]

==References and notes==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Rifle Volunteer Corps of the British Army]]
[[Category:Infantry]]
[[Category:Combat occupations]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the British Army]]

[[pt:Caçador (militar)]]