Brontekst bekijken van Pasteur (schip, 1938)

{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = pasteur-003.jpg
| Ship caption = SS ''Pasteur''
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header = 
| Ship country = 
| Ship flag = 
| Ship name = *''Pasteur'' (1939–57)
*''Bremen'' (1957–72)
*''Regina Magna'' (1972–77)
*''Saudiphil I'' (1977–80)
*''Filipinas Saudi I'' (1980)<ref name=Bremen>[http://stoenworks.com/Louis%20Pasteur.html Complete History of ''Pasteur'']</ref>
| Ship namesake = *[[Louis Pasteur]]
*[[Bremen]]
| Ship owner = *Compagnie de Navigation Sud-Atlantique (1938–40)
*UK Government (1940–46)
*Compagnie de Navigation Sud-Atlantique (1946–57)
*[[Norddeutscher Lloyd]] (1957–72)
*[[Chandris Group|Chandris Cruises]] (1972–77)
*Philippine Singapore Ports Corporation (1977–80)
*Philsimport International (1980)
| Ship operator = *Compagnie de Navigation Sud-Atlantique (1938–40)
*[[Cunard Line|Cunard-White Star Line]] (1940–46)
*Compagnie de Navigation Sud-Atlantique (1946–56)
*Norddeutscher Lloyd (1957–72)
*Chandris Cruises (1972–77)
*Philippine Singapore Ports Corporation (1977–80)
*Philsimport International (1980)
| Ship registry = *{{flagicon|France}} [[Bordeaux]] (1938–40)
*{{flagicon|UK|government}} [[Liverpool]] (1940–46)
*{{flagicon|France}} France (1946–57)
*{{flagicon|West Germany}} West Germany (1957–72)
*{{flagicon|Greece}} Greece (1972–77)
*{{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]] (1977–80)
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} Philippines (1980)
| Ship route = *France – South America (1938–40)
*Canada, South Africa, Australia and South America (1940–46)<ref name=Bremen/>
| Ship ordered = 
| Ship awarded = 
| Ship builder = [[Chantiers de l'Atlantique]]<ref name=Bremen/>
| Ship original cost = 
| Ship yard number = R8<ref name=Bremen/>
| Ship way number = 
| Ship laid down = 
| Ship launched = 15 February 1938<ref name=Bremen/>
| Ship sponsor = 
| Ship christened = 15 February 15, 1938 by Madame Pasteur Vallery-Radot, wife of the grandson of Louis Pasteur<ref name=Bremen/>
| Ship completed = August 1939<ref name=Bremen/>
| Ship acquired = 
| Ship commissioned = 1940
| Ship recommissioned = 
| Ship decommissioned = 1980
| Ship maiden voyage = 
| Ship in service = 
| Ship out of service = *1956–57
*1974
| Ship renamed = 
| Ship reclassified = 
| Ship refit = *1957–59
*1965–66
*1972
| Ship struck = 
| Ship reinstated = 
| Ship homeport = 
| Ship identification = *UK Official Number 166306 (1940–46)
*[[Maritime call sign|call sign]] FNDC (1938–40)
*{{ICS|Foxtrot}}{{ICS|November}}{{ICS|Delta}}{{ICS|Charlie}}
*call sign GNDW (1940–46)
*{{ICS|Golf}}{{ICS|November}}{{ICS|Delta}}{{ICS|Whiskey}}<ref name=Pasteur>{{cite web |url= https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/40/40a0724.pdf |title=Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships |access-date=26 October 2009}}</ref>
*{{IMO|5051145}}
| Ship motto = 
| Ship nickname = 
| Ship honours = Croix de Guerre
| Ship honors = 
| Ship captured = 
| Ship fate = Sank in Indian Ocean in 1980 while being towed to Taiwanese ship breakers.<ref name=Bremen/>
| Ship notes = 
| Ship badge = 
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header = 
| Header caption = 
| Ship class = 
| Ship type = *[[Ocean liner]] (1939-40)
*Troopship and hospital ship (1940–45)
*Troopship (1945–46)
*Ocean liner and cruise ship (1956–72)
*Cruise ship (1972–74)
*Accommodation ship (1974–77)
*Floating hotel (1977–80)
| Ship tonnage = *{{GRT|29253}} (''Pasteur'')
*{{GRT|32336}} (''Bremen'', 1957)
*{{GRT|32360}} (''Bremen'', 1966)
*{{GRT|23801}} (''Regina Magna'')<ref name=Bremen/>
| Ship length = {{convert|212.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref name=Bremen/>
| Ship beam = {{convert|26.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref name=Bremen/>
| Ship height = 
| Ship draught = 
| Ship draft = 
| Ship depth = 
| Ship hold depth = 
| Ship decks = 11 decks
| Ship deck clearance = 
| Ship ramps = 
| Ship ice class = 
| Ship power = Three 1,375 [[Volt-ampere|KVA]] [[Electrical generator|generator]] had an output of 6,600 Kilowatt.
| Ship propulsion = *Strongest power could be generated: 50,000 HP, which powered quadruple propellers (''Pasteur'')
*53,000 HP powering four propellers (''Bremen'')<ref name=Bremen/>
| Ship sail plan = 
| Ship speed = *Top speed: {{convert|26|kn}}
*Service speed: {{convert|22|kn}} (''Pasteur'')
*{{convert|26|kn}}
*Service speed: {{convert|23|kn}} (''Bremen'')<ref name=Bremen/>
| Ship range = 
| Ship endurance = 
| Ship test depth = 
| Ship boats = 
| Ship capacity = *751 passengers: 1,122, 287, or 275 in 1st class; 126 in 2nd class; 338 in 3rd class (''Pasteur'')
*Load-carrying capacity: 8,700 [[Hull (watercraft)#Metrics|tdw]] Maximum passenger capacity: 14,000 (''Bremen'')<ref name=Bremen/>
| Ship troops = 
| Ship complement = 
| Ship crew = 540 (''Pasteur'')<ref name=Bremen/>
| Ship time to activate = 
| Ship sensors = 
| Ship EW = 
| Ship armament = 
| Ship armour = 
| Ship notes = 
}}
|}

'''SS ''Pasteur''''' was a [[steam turbine]] [[ocean liner]] built for [[Compagnie de Navigation Sud-Atlantique]]. She later sailed as ''Bremen'' for [[Norddeutscher Lloyd]]. In the course of her career, she sailed for 41 years under four names and six countries' flags.<ref name=Bremen/>

==Construction==
In 1933 Compagnie de Navigation Sud-Atlantique's modern {{GRT|42512}} [[flagship]] {{SS|L'Atlantique||2}} was gutted by fire after only two years in service. After a three-year dispute her [[Underwriting|underwriters]] agreed she was beyond economic repair and paid her owners a settlement.{{sfn|Wilson|1956|p=215}}

With the settlement, her owners ordered ''Pasteur'' as a smaller but faster replacement ship to carry passengers and freight on their South Atlantic routes.{{sfn|Wilson|1956|p=215}} Her main competition was the German liner {{SS|Cap Arcona||2}}, owned by the [[Hamburg Süd]]amerikanische Dampfschifffahrts-Gesellschaft. She was also designed to compete with a new British ship, {{RMS|Andes|1939|6}}, which [[Harland and Wolff]] was building for [[Royal Mail Steam Packet Company|Royal Mail Lines]].

[[Chantiers de l'Atlantique]] in [[Saint-Nazaire]] began to build ''Pasteur'' began in 1938. On 15 February of that year she was launched as ''Pasteur'' after the scientist [[Louis Pasteur]]. A fire in March 1939 delayed her fitting out and she was not completed until August 1939, just before [[World War II]] broke out.<ref name=Bremen/><ref name=Great>{{cite web |url= http://www.greatships.net/bremen5.html |title=Pasteur / Bremen V |work=Great Ships |publisher=Jeff Newman}}</ref>

''Pasteur'' had a tonnage of 29,253 gross register tons. She was 212.4 m long and 26.8 m wide. She had 11 decks and possessed extensive loading spaces. She was designed to carry 751 passengers. She could develop about 50,000 [[horse power|HP]]{{clarify|reason=Which type of horsepower?|date=January 2012}} and speeds up to {{convert|26|kn|}} but her usual service speed was about {{convert|22|kn|}}. Her draught was 9.3 m. She had four [[propeller]]s.

==History==
The outbreak of [[World War II]] delayed the deployment of ''Pasteur'', and she was laid up in Saint-Nazaire in France. In 1940, she was commissioned to carry 200 tons of gold reserves from Brest, France to Halifax, Nova Scotia. Her official maiden voyage from Bordeaux to Buenos Aires was cancelled due to the outbreak of war. After the fall of France to Germany, she was taken over by the Great Britain government and placed under [[Cunard Line|Cunard-White Star]] management. She was used as a troop transport and military [[hospital ship]] between Canada, South Africa, Australia and South America, and transported around 300,000 soldiers. She was sometimes called HMTS ''Pasteur''.<ref name=Bremen/><ref name=Great/>

===World War II===
[[File:pasteur-004.jpg|left|thumb|''Pasteur'' in wartime on Convoy WS19]]
Due to her speed, ''Pasteur'' normally made her crossings alone and unescorted rather than as part of a convoy. She made one voyage from Glasgow to Halifax with a mixed complement of troops, including officers arranging the transport of 20,000 British troops across Canada and the Pacific to Singapore in October, 1941. She also carried almost 2,000 German prisoners to prisoner of war camps in North America. In addition, she transported prisoners from Suez, Egypt to South Africa. In 1943, she visited Freetown, Cape Town, Durban, Aden and Port Tewfik, and then back to the Clyde and Halifax. She carried 10,000 troops of the British 8th Army Corps and 5,000 US 1st Army Corps troops to the battle of Alamein. Altogether, she carried 220,000 troops, and 30,000 wounded, and traveled 370,669 miles during the war.<ref name=Bremen/><ref name=Great/>

===Post-war===
After the war, ''Pasteur'' was used to repatriate US and Canadian troops then returned to her owners in October 1945. Management was returned to Cie Sudatlantique in early 1946. After her return to France in 1946, she remained in French military service as troop transporter. She carried French troops to [[Vietnam]] ([[Vietnam War]]), and then to [[Algeria]] between 1954 and 1957. She was awarded France's highest honor, the ''[[Croix de Guerre]]''. In February 1950, she made one voyage bringing 4,000 Dutch troops from Indonesia to the Netherlands.<ref name=Bremen/><ref name=Great/>

===Acquired by North German Lloyd===
''Pasteur'' was laid up at Toulon in 1956 and then at Brest in 1957. During the Suez Canal affair, the ship was commissioned again in September 1956 along with other passenger and military ships to be a troop transport. While she was docked in Port Said harbor in December 1956, the HQ General of the French troops was on board. At the end of the war, ''Pasteur'' was one of the last Allied ships to leave Port Said. She was sold to [[Norddeutscher Lloyd|North German Lloyd]] for 30 million DM in September 1957. The transfer of ownership from Brest to [[Bremerhaven]] took place in September 1957.

===Refit===
After being acquired by North German Lloyd and renamed TS ''Bremen'' in 1957, she was extensively rebuilt at [[Bremer Vulkan]] in [[Bremen]] for approximately 65 million DM. Her size was increased to 32,336 GRT and the load-carrying capacity with 8,700 [[Hull (watercraft)#Metrics|tdw]]. She received new boilers and four [[steam turbine]]s with a maximum output of 60,000 HP giving her a maximum speed of {{convert|26|kn|km/h}}. Economical output of 53,500 HP gave a speed of {{convert|23|kn|km/h}}. Three 1,375 [[Volt-ampere|KVA]] [[Electrical generator|generators]] had an output of 6,600 kilowatt. One very noticeable change was the new drop-shaped funnel, which was much more in proportion with the ship than the original tall funnel. To enhance comfort, two 4.5 m [[fin|Stabilizers]] were fitted. In June 1959 she underwent new sea trials.<ref name=Bremen/><ref name=Great/>

===German service===
[[File:pasteur-005.jpg|left|thumb|''Bremen'' at [[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Thomas Island]] in 1968]]

On July 9, 1959, she was placed on the [[Bremerhaven]] – [[Southampton]] – [[Cherbourg]] – New York City route. In 1960, ''Bremen'' carried approximately 28,000 passengers across the Atlantic from Europe to the USA and back again. Beginning in 1960, the ''Bremen'' was also used in cruise service to the Caribbean and South America. A bulbous bow was added during her 1965–66 refit at the repair yard of North German Lloyd. In 1970, NDL merged with [[Hamburg America Line]] to form the large shipping company, [[Hapag Lloyd]].

In September 1971 she made her final voyage from Bremen to New York for Hapag-Lloyd. In October 1971 ''Bremen'' was sold to Greek shipping company [[Chandris Group|Chandris Cruises]] for 40 million DM after 175 Atlantic crossings and 117 cruises for NDL. The sale was completed in January, 1972.<ref name=Bremen/><ref name=Great/>

[[File:pasteur-006.jpg|thumb|''Bremen'' arriving in Cherbourg, early 1970s]]

===Later career and fate===
After another refit, which changed her tonnage to 23,801 tons, ''Regina'' became the flagship of Chandris Cruises and inaugurated her Mediterranean service, calling at Limassol for the first time on May 19 and taking passengers from Cyprus to Beirut, Haifa, Heraklion, Piraeus, Katakolon, Corfu, Dubrovnik and Venice. ''Regina'' continued calling at Limassol regularly every two weeks and her cruises became extremely popular.

She cruised the world until 1974, when she was laid up in Piraeus because of rising fuel costs and the loss of emigration charters to Australia. [http://www.solomonides.eu/index.php?xNav=hbiography]

[[File:Sinking of the Pasteur.gif|thumb|''Filipinas Saudi I'' sinking]]
She was sold to Philippine Singapore Ports Corporation of Saudi Arabia and renamed ''Saudiphil I'' in 1977. On November 1, 1977 she arrived at [[Jeddah]] to be used as an accommodation ship for Filipino workers in Saudi Arabia.

In 1980 she was sold to the Philsimport International in Hong Kong and renamed ''Filipinas Saudi I''. While being towed by the Panamanian tug ''Sumatra'' to Taiwanese ship breakers in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, she rolled over onto her port side and sank stern first in the Indian Ocean that same year.<ref name=Bremen/><ref name=Great/>

==Crew and passengers==
TS ''Bremen'' had a total crew complement of 545, with three hundred crew members in the hotel department. She could carry approximately 1,150 passengers, 216 in first class and 934 in tourist class.<ref name=Lloyd>{{cite book |last=Dirk |first=J Peters |year=2007 |title=Der Norddeutsche Lloyd |publisher=Hauschild Verlag |place=Bremen |isbn=978-3-89757-360-4}}{{page needed|date=October 2020}}</ref>

==Official number and call signs==
Official numbers were a forerunner to [[IMO number]]s. ''Pasteur'' had the UK official number 166305. She used the [[maritime call sign]] FNDC until 1940, and GNDW from 1940–46.<ref name=Pasteur/>

==Popular culture==
The magician duo [[Siegfried & Roy]] met on ''Bremen'' in 1960, where Siegfried worked as a steward and Roy as a page. The magic show, which they performed together on the ship for the first time, was the cornerstone of their later careers. The pair were not fired after bringing a live cheetah on board because the captain realized the show was enjoyed by the tourists who were guests on the ship.<ref name="Apple Podcasts 2022 f083">{{cite web | title=Wild Things: Siegfried & Roy  | website=Apple Podcasts | date=February 23, 2022 | url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/wild-things-siegfried-roy/id1599176021 | access-date=October 6, 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Britton |first=Andrew |year=2015 |title=SS Pasteur/TS Bremen |series=Classic Liners series |publisher=[[The History Press]] |place=Stroud |isbn=9780750961011}}
* {{cite book |last=Focke |first=Harald |year=2002 |title=Bremens letzte Liner. Die großen Passagierschiffe des Norddeutschen Lloyd nach 1945 |place=Bremen |publisher=Publishing house |isbn=3-89757-148-X}}
* {{cite book |last=Focke |first=Harald |year=2004 |title=Mit dem Lloyd nach New York; Erinnerungen an die Passagierschiffe Berlin, Bremen und Europa |publisher=Publishing house |place=Bremen |isbn=3-89757-251-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Focke |first=Harald |year=2006 |title=Im Liniendienst auf dem Atlantik |publisher=Publishing house |place=Bremen |isbn=3-89757-339-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=RM |year=1956 |title=The Big Ships |place=London |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co]] |page=215}}
{{refend}}ef

==External links==
*[http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/ChandrisRMagna.html ''Bremen'' at Simplon Postcards]
*[http://www.solomonides.eu/index.php?xNav=hbiography Takis Solomonides Autobiography]
*[http://cruiselinehistory.com/the-tss-paseur/ The TSS Pasteur… a Great Ocean Liner that was Officially Never in Service…]

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{{Cunard ships}}
{{Norddeutscher Lloyd ships}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pasteur (1939)}}
[[Category:Cruise ships]]
[[Category:Hospital ships in World War II]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of Greece]]
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[[Category:Merchant ships of West Germany]]
[[Category:Ocean liners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)]]
[[Category:Passenger ships of France]]
[[Category:Ships built in France]]
<!--[[Category:Ships of North German Lloyd]] Linked on redirect from Bremen name -->
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[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]
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