Brontekst bekijken van MP 18

{{about|the submachine gun|the paleontological zone referred to as MP 18|Mammal Paleogene zone}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = MP 18
| image              = Bergmann MP18.1.jpg
| image_size         = 300px
| caption            = Bergmann MP 18
| type               = [[Submachine gun]]
| origin             = [[German Empire|Germany]]
| designer           = Hugo Schmeisser
| manufacturer       = {{Plain list|
* Bergmann Waffenfabrik
* [[C.G. Haenel]] (MP 28/II)
* Lindelof Konetehdas (Lindelof Submachinegun)
* [[Anciens Etablissements Pieper|Pieper]] (Mi 34)
* Qingdao Iron Works
* [[SIG Combibloc Group|SIG]] (SIG M1920)
}}
| design_date        = 1917
| production_date    = 1918–1920s<br />1928 – early 1940s (MP 28/II)
| service            = 1918–1945 (Germany)
| used_by            = See [[#Users|Users]]
| wars               = {{Plain list|
* [[World War I]]
* [[Russian Civil War]]{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
* [[Warlord Era]]
* [[German Revolution]]
* [[Greater Poland Uprising (1918-1919)]]
* [[Irish Civil War]]{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
* [[Rif War]]
* [[1924 Estonian coup d'état attempt]]
* [[Chaco War]]
* [[Spanish Civil War]]
* [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]
* [[Chinese Civil War]]
* [[Sudetendeutsches Freikorps#Terrorism|German-Czechoslovak War]]
* [[World War II]]
* [[Indonesian National Revolution]]
* [[Iranian crisis of 1946]]
* [[Ifni War]]<ref name="Spain2"/>
}}
| part_length        = {{convert|200|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| cartridge          = {{Plain list|
* [[9×19mm Parabellum]]
* [[7.63×25mm Mauser]] (export)
* [[7.65×21mm Parabellum]] (export)
* [[9x23mm Largo]] (export) (MP 28/II)
* [[9x25mm Mauser]] (export) (MP 28/II)
* [[.45 ACP]] (export) (MP 28/II)
}}
| feed               = {{Plain list|
* 10-round Mauser pattern detachable box magazine (MP 18,III and MP 18,IV prototypes)
* 20-round detachable [[box magazine]] (prototypes, post WW1, MP 28/II)
* 30-round detachable box magazine (post WW1)
* 32-round detachable box magazine (MP 28/II)
* 32-round detachable TM 08 [[drum magazine]] (WW1)
* 36-round detachable box magazine (Spanish Avispero copy)
* 40-round Mauser pattern detachable box magazine (MP 18,III and MP 18,IV prototypes, SIG 1920)<ref name=auto />
* 50-round Mauser pattern detachable box magazine (MP 18,III and MP 18,IV prototypes, SIG 1920)<ref name=auto />
* 50-round magazine from [[Lanchester submachine gun|Lanchester]] (MP 28/II)
}}
| action             = Open-bolt blowback
| rate               = approx. 350-500 rounds/min (MP 18)<br />550-600 rounds/min (MP 28/II)
| velocity           = {{convert| 380|m/s|0|abbr=on}}
| weight             = {{convert|4.18|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}}<br />{{convert|4.0|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}} (MP 28/II)
| number             = Fewer than 30,000
| length             = {{convert|832|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| is_ranged          = yes
| sights             = V-notch and front post
}}

The '''MP 18''' is a German [[submachine gun]] designed and manufactured by [[Theodor Bergmann|Bergmann Waffenfabrik]]. Introduced into service in 1918 by the [[German Army (German Empire)|German Army]] during [[World War I]], the MP 18 was intended for use by the ''[[Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany)|Sturmtruppen]]'', assault groups specialized in [[trench warfare|trench combat]], as a short-range offensive weapon that would provide individual soldiers with increased firepower over a [[pistol]].

Although MP 18 production ended after World War I, it was highly influential on subsequent small arms design; it formed the basis of most submachine guns manufactured between 1920 and 1960.<ref name="Bishop 1998">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1998 |title=MP 18 and MP28 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II |publisher=Orbis publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MuGsf0psjvcC&pg=PA258 |editor-last=Bishop |editor-first=Chris |page=258 |isbn=1586637622}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Shoot'in MP18 theodor-Bergmann-Waffenbau.jpg|thumb|left|[[Theodor Bergmann]] trademark on an MP 18]]

What became known as the "[[submachine gun]]" had its genesis in the early 20th century and developed around the concepts of [[fire and movement]] and [[infiltration tactics]], specifically for the task of clearing trenches of enemy soldiers, an environment within which engagements were unlikely to occur beyond a range of a few feet.

In 1915, the German Rifle Testing Commission at [[Spandau]] decided to develop a new weapon for trench warfare. An attempt to modify existing semi-automatic pistols (specifically the [[Luger pistol|Luger]] and [[Mauser C96|C96 Mauser]]) failed, as accurate aimed fire in full automatic mode was impossible due to their light weight and high rates of fire of 1,200 rounds per minute. The commission determined that a completely new kind of weapon was needed. [[Hugo Schmeisser]], working for the ''Bergmann Waffenfabrik'', was part of a team composed of [[Theodor Bergmann]] and a few other technicians. They designed a new type of weapon to fulfill the requirements, which was designated the ''Maschinenpistole'' 18/I. The ''I'' stands for the number ''1.'' Four different versions of the MP 18 were evaluated by the German Army, known as the models I, II, III, and IV. They shared the same basic design but exhibited differences in the feed system.<ref name=":0" />

The MP 18/I used the same ''Trommelmagazin'' drum as the artillery Luger. No details are available concerning the MP 18/II, however it is known that the MP 18/III and the MP 18/IV both fed from a straight, 90° magazine feed which took Mauser pattern box magazines, of the same type used in Mauser's experimental C06/08 pistol and C17 'Trench Carbine' (the latter was possibly a rival to the MP 18/I.) and later the SIG Bergmann.<ref name="MP18I" /> Full-scale production began in early 1918.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url= http://www.cruffler.com/historic-july00.html |title=Historic Firearm of the Month, July 2000: Maschinenpistole 18, I |website=Cruffler.com}}</ref>

The MP 18 is often credited as the very first submachine gun, as some sources discount the [[Villar Perosa aircraft submachine gun|Villar Perosa]], on account that it was originally fielded as a light support weapon on a mount. Whether the MP 18 was actually the first submachine gun is debated.<ref name="MP18I">{{Cite web |title=Bergmann M.P.18,I submachine gun |url=http://firearms.96.lt/pages/Bergmann%20MP18.I.html |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=firearms.96.lt}}</ref>

In October 1915 the Austro-Hungarian ''Standschützen-Battalionen'' trialed a submachine gun chambered in the 8x18mm Roth cartridge, known as the ''Maschinengewehr Hellriegel''. This was tested as both a support weapon fired from a prone position, and an assault weapon fired from the hip. In late 1916, the Military Aviation Corps of the Italian Army created the first official demand for a submachine gun when they requested the development of a single-barreled Villar Perosa with a detachable stock, which was made in early 1917 and later adopted as the ''[[OVP 1918|Carabinetta Automatica OVP]]'', with 500 being issued to observation crews. The designer of the Villar Perosa, Colonel Bethel-Abiel Revelli, had already conceived the principles of the submachine gun in September 1915, when he wrote that his gun could be converted to a single-barreled version that ''"may be mounted in the manner of a rifle so that it may be fired from the shoulder"''.<ref name="MP18I" />

It remains a matter of controversy as to whether he made a weapon matching this description, but it is proven{{By whom|date=August 2023}} that the MP 18/I was merely one of many submachine gun concepts that were developed at the time, and that it cannot be referred to with any certainty as the first. The MP 18/I was the first mass-produced submachine gun to see extensive use in an infantry assault role in warfare.<ref name="MP18I" />

===World War I===
[[File:France1918.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A German soldier with an MP 18 in Northern France, 1918]]

The MP 18 served in the final stages of World War I in 1918. Contrary to popular belief,{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} the Bergmann MP 18/I did not reach the front in early 1918, and no submachine guns were employed by German ''Sturmtruppen'' during the Spring Offensive.<ref name="MP18I" /> It was only fielded during the second half of 1918 when the Germans were on the defence against the [[Hundred Days Offensive]].<ref name="MP18I" />

The first unit to receive the MP 18/I was the 119. ''Infanterie-Division'', specifically the 237. ''Infanterie-Brigade'', constituting the 46. & 48. ''Infanterie-Regiments'', the 46. ''Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment'', and the 119. ''Sturm-Abteilung''. The 237. Brigade received 216 submachine guns for field trials in July 1918 – after the Spring Offensive ended.<ref name="MP18I" />

Shortly after reaching the front, the MP 18/I was used at the [[Battle of Amiens (1918)|Battle of Amiens]]. Canadian troops of the 13th Battalion Royal Highlanders were photographed with a captured MP 18/I from the German lines on the 11th of August.

The total number of MP 18/Is manufactured during the war, and the number accepted by the army, remains controversial.<ref name="MP18I" />

Major General Ernst von Wrisberg, the director of the Prussian War Ministry, wrote shortly after the end of the war that some 17,000 guns had been delivered by October 1918. This estimate is backed up by military acceptance stamps reaching into the 17,000 serial mark. Existing serial numbers bear greater numbers, into the 30,000 range. One estimate, based on the serial numbers of surviving guns, is about 35,000 made during 1918 and possibly 1919. The vast majority were not actually accepted into service and likely remained in the factory until a new demand was created in the interwar years. According to a French report made after the war, the Germans produced 50,000 units in 1918, but only 8,000 - 10,000 were delivered.<ref name="MP18I" /> The number that actually reached the front is probably lower. The best indicator  is the serial number range of the examples captured by the Allies in the second half of 1918. All MP 18s that were captured were low serial numbers, typically in the hundreds, a reasonable estimate is that around 4,000 guns saw combat.<ref name="MP18I" />

The presence of an MP 18/I at the Sarsılmaz Museum in Düzce, Turkey, which is said to trace its provenance to the [[Turkish War of Independence]], suggests the possibility that some MP 18s were supplied to the Ottomans at the end of the First World War.<ref name="MP18I" />

=== Treaty of Versailles ===
A common claim is that the gun proved so effective that it was banned by the Treaty of Versailles. Restrictions are laid out in Tables No. II & No. III of the treaty which gives the number of rifles, carbines, heavy machine guns, and light machine guns. A clause that appears in some copies reads ''"Automatic rifles and carbines are to be counted as light machine guns"''.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} This does not constitute a ban, but a restriction to 1,134 guns. The number is so low that it would have stunted the German Army's distribution of weapons of this type, but it does not say the MP 18/I would be banned.<ref name="MP18I" /> There is nothing in the treaty that says that Germany was not allowed to manufacture submachine guns.

=== Post-war service ===
[[Image:MP18VWM.jpg|thumb|right|Post World War I MP 18 with universal safety and box magazine]]

The MP 18 proved to be an excellent weapon. Its concept was well-proven in trench fighting. The basic design directly influenced later submachine gun designs and showed its superiority over the regular infantry rifle in urban, mobile, and guerrilla warfare.

One of the most notable post-war users of the MP 18/I were the ''[[Freikorps]]'' who armed themselves with weapons appropriated from military depots. After the armistice, Germany found itself embroiled with domestic strife in the form of the [[Spartacist uprising|Spartacist Uprising]]. Many submachine guns that had not been sent to the front were issued to ''Freikorps'' volunteers; the government collaborated closely with the ''Freikorps'' to crush the uprising and initially did little to stop these guns from falling into paramilitary hands. The MP 18/I proved to be particularly popular among these irregular forces.<ref name="MP18I" />

The MP 18/I was gradually retired from military service and allocated to police forces, particularly the ''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]''. The government's implementation of the Treaty of Versailles in 1924 approved the distribution of ''maschinenpistole'' by the ''Ordnungspolizei'' (uniformed police, though probably meaning the SiPo), provided that they were not issued at a rate any higher than one gun for every twenty men. These weapons were stamped '1920' to signify that they had been approved for government issue. These guns were in legal possession of the state, but many more of the c. 50,000 guns that had been produced fell into the hands of unofficial paramilitaries or criminal elements.<ref name="MP18I" />

In 1922 Foreign Minister [[Walther Rathenau]] was assassinated by ultranationalists armed with a stolen MP 18/I.<ref name="MP18I" />

During the failed [[1924 Estonian coup d'état attempt]], the MP 18 was used to defend the Tallinn barracks from Communist militants; some of which were armed with [[Thompson submachine gun]]s. This was possibly the first engagement where submachine guns were used on both sides.<ref name="Kalashnikov">{{Cite web |title=Отчет стрелкового полигона: пистолет-пулемет Томпсона |url=https://kalashnikov.media/article/weapons/otchet-strelkovogo-poligona-pistolet-pulemet-tompsona |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=kalashnikov.media |language=ru}}</ref>

All the limited conflicts between 1920 and 1940 saw an increasing use of this new class of weapons, first in South America during the [[Chaco War]],<ref name="Chaco">{{cite book|last=de Quesada |first=Alejandro |title=The Chaco War 1932-35: South America's greatest modern conflict |series=Men-at-Arms 474 |date=20 November 2011 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84908-901-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dTm3CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 24]}}</ref> then in Europe during the [[Spanish Civil War]], and in China during the [[Warlord Era]]<ref name="Chine Civil War">{{cite book|title=Chinese Civil War Armies 1911–49|series=Men-at-Arms 306|first= Philip|last= Jowett|date= 15 Jul 1997|isbn=9781855326651 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|page=43}}</ref> and the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], where its use by well-trained Chinese troops was costly for the invaders as in the [[Battle of Shanghai]].{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} It was also used during World War II by various partisans and resistance forces.<ref name="Bishop 1998"/>

From the MP 28,II, a variant of the MP 18/I was born, which is sometimes called the 'MP 18/Iv' ( 'v' supposedly standing for ''<nowiki/>'verbessert''' or 'improved').  The guns themselves are marked 'M.P.18,I SYSTEM SCHMEISSER'. The so-called MP 18/Iv was a conversion of the MP 18/I from a 45° ''Trommelmagazin'' feed to a 90° Schmeisser box magazine feed. These conversions were carried out at C.G. Haenel on the request of German police forces.. It is commonly assumed that the conversions were undertaken from 1920 onward, predating the MP 28,II. This derives from confusion over the '1920' property stamps that were added after the Treaty of Versailles. In fact, the   conversions were not undertaken until the 1930s. It was merely a cheap and economical way for the German police to update their existing stocks of submachine guns to feed from the new Schmeisser box magazine without having to purchase entirely new orders of MP 28,IIs.<ref name="MP18I" />

Old stocks of MP 18/I submachine guns were distributed as foreign aid to allies of the Third Reich in neighboring countries. These predominantly fell into the hands of fascist groups in France, Austria, and Czechoslovakia.  In France, deliveries of the MP 18/I, MP 28,II, and MP 35/I submachine guns were made to the far-right nationalist organization ''[[La Cagoule]]''. Several arms dumps were discovered by the French police and destroyed prior to the Second World War.<ref name="MP18I" />

MP 18/I and MP 28,II submachine guns were distributed to the [[Austrian SS]] during their exile from their home country. The Austrian Nazi Party was banned after their attempted coup in 1934 and many members of the militant wing of the party went to Germany to receive training by the SS. The intent was to send these militants back to Austria, but a second coup never materialized.<ref name="MP18I" />

In Czechoslovakia, police confiscated several MP 18/Is that had been smuggled into the country by the SS to arm Henleinist sabotage squads. Some of these guns saw use during the [[Sudeten German uprising|Sudeten Uprising of 1938]]. These weapons were sourced from old military stocks and still had their original feed systems taking the TM 08 ''Trommelmagazin''. Bergmann MP 35/Is were also supplied to the Henleinists.<ref name="MP18I" />

The MP 18 remained in limited service with the German armed forces during the [[Second World War]], specifically with the ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'', later eastern foreign divisions of the Waffen SS and also with ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' coastal artillery units.

===Evolution===
[[File:SIG M1920 (Brevet Bergmann).jpg|thumb|SIG Bergmann in the Infantry Museum, Mikkeli, Finland.]]
[[File:Tsing Tao MP 18.jpg|thumb|right|SIG 1920 copy made in [[Qingdao|Tsing Tao]], China, 1927]]
[[File:MP28 2.jpg|thumb|Early model MP 28 sold by Pieper]]
[[File:MP18 yoav noBG.png|thumb|Side of an MP 28 in Yoav Fortress, which was named after [[Operation Yoav]]]]

Bergmann sold the license of the MP 18. 1 to [[Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft|SIG]] Switzerland; the Swiss made model was known as the SIG Bergmann 1920. It existed in [[7.65×21mm Parabellum|.30 Luger]] and [[7.63×25mm Mauser|7.63 mm Mauser]]. The Bergmann MP 18.1 represents a milestone both in terms of armament technology and warfare tactics. It opened the way for a whole new class of weapons and triggered the research for lighter automatic firearms to be used by mobile troops. Its first direct competitors did not see service in World War I, but most of them saw use in all the limited conflicts taking place in the inter-war period.

China produced many copies of the SIG Bergmann at various factories, including the arsenals at Tsing Tao, Dagu, and Hanyang. The production was decentralized, and each factory's version exhibited differences from one another; the guns produced at Tsing Tao and Dagu had a bottom-mounted magazine. Large numbers of the Tsing Tao submachine gun were made, and use by Chinese Republican troops from the mid-1920s to the 1940s.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=SIG Bergmann Model 1920 submachine gun |url=http://firearms.96.lt/pages/SIG%20Model%201920.html |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=firearms.96.lt}}</ref>

During the 1920s Chicago gun dealer Vincent Daniels imported 7.65mm SIG Bergmann submachine guns and installed a two-position fire-selector behind the end cap of the receiver. This arrangement was somewhat similar to the later [[Lanchester submachine gun]]. The guns were sold under the name "Daniels Rapid-Fire Carbine" and were bought by members of the [[North Side Gang|Northside Gang]] and the [[Chicago Outfit]].<ref name="auto" />

Between 1927 and 1930 Estonia produced the [[Arsenal submachine gun|Tallinn Arsenal submachine gun]]; a weapon based on the SIG Bergmann that used the [[9mm Browning Long]] cartridge<ref name="auto" />

In Germany, Hugo Schmeisser continued his work on submachine guns at [[C.G. Haenel]].{{sfn|de Quesada|2014|p=10}}<ref name="MP18I" /> This work was undertaken independently of Theodor Bergmann or SIG. Around the mid-1920s, Schmeisser built a series of prototypes - possibly no more than ten - known as the MP Schmeisser. These were essentially no different from the MP 18,III MP 18,IV or the SIG Bergmann), except for the addition of a fire selector above the trigger group, which took the form of a push-in button which, when depressed, would produce only single shots. This was an improvement over the MP 18, which had no semi-automatic function. The magazine housings of these guns were stamped 'M.P. Schmeisser I.'<ref name="MP18I" /> It is occasionally claimed that the design of the MP Schmeisser was undertaken in secrecy, though this is questionable as a surviving prototype is marked with the Haenel factory stamp and Schmeisser was photographed holding the weapon. The gun was reportedly tested by the Reichswehr in 1925, along with a design by Heinrich Vollmer known as the VMP. These trials yielded no decision and there was only limited interest in submachine guns from the Reichswehr at that time.<ref name="MP18I" />

An improved version of the MP Schmeisser appeared in the late 1920s. This was called the 'MP Schmeisser Mod. 28/II'. The suffix indicates that this was the ''second'' iteration after the earlier 'I' prototype. The fire selector  was retained  but many additional improvements were also made in the magazine feed and recoil spring. This was the first model Schmeisser to abandon the ''Trommelmagazin'' and Mauser pattern magazines in favour of a new magazine of Schmeisser's own design. The Schmeisser magazine was double stack but had a single-position feed opening. The feed lips were reinforced with a strengthened bracket which was intended to prevent the deformation of the magazine opening (a common problem with the Mauser magazines). However this change to a single-position feed resulted in a far less reliable feed.<ref name="MP18I" />

The MP Schmeisser was not adopted by the Reichswehr; export sales were Haenel's main source of interest in this weapon. Prior to the Nazi regime, Germany was still subject to export restrictions. Haenel came into an arrangement with two foreign companies, [[Anciens Etablissements Pieper|Pieper]] in Belgium and Veland in the Netherlands. Pieper served as the "manufacturer" of these early model MP Schmeissers, which were distinguishable by their rounded charging handle. Some of these early guns were "sanitized", with no markings on the magazine housing except for a serial number, and occasionally they were fitted with a bayonet mount that screwed onto the ventilation holes of the barrel jacket. Later, the marking ''"ANCIENS ETABLISSMENTS PIEPER S.A. HERSTAL"'' was added, in addition to proofing stamps by Woit Nicolas Cominoto. Pieper did not actually manufacture any of these guns: all of these <nowiki>''</nowiki>Belgian-made' Schmeissers were made at Haenel and the parts were sent to Pieper for assembly.<ref name="MP18I" />

By 1933, with the Nazis gaining power and the Inter-Allied Commission of Control no longer enforcing the Versailles restrictions, Haenel was free to openly manufacture the MP Schmeisser. These guns were now stamped 'M.P.28,II', giving rise to the common name of this gun: the MP 28. Export sales of the MP 28,II were made to many countries. The MP28 was copied by the [[Second Spanish Republic]] under the codename ''Avispero''. The ''Avispero'' was chambered in [[9×23mm Largo|9mm Largo]] and had a 36-round magazine.<ref name="Spain">{{cite web |title=Subfusiles, fusiles ametralladores y ametralladoras ligeras de la infantería republicana |url=http://www.sbhac.net/Republica/Fuerzas/Armas/Infanteria/Subfusiles/Subfusiles.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Naranjero |url=http://www.armia-eibar.net/armas/arma_larga/AYL11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723020742/http://www.armia-eibar.net/armas/arma_larga/AYL11/ |archive-date=2011-07-23 |publisher=Armia - Museo de la Industria Armera |language=es}}</ref><ref name="MP18I" />

The French immediately launched studies based on captured MP 18s. In 1921, the Section Technique de l'Artillerie (S.T.A.) was asked to develop a prototype for the country's first submachine gun. It is often said that the weapon copied the M.P.18,I, it maybe also be derived from the French [[Ribeyrolles 1918 automatic carbine|Ribeyrolles automatic carbine]] and the Italian [[Beretta M1918|Revelli-Beretta carbine]]. The S.T.A., did not chamber a French cartridge but instead used 9×19mm Parabellum. After trials in 1924, it was adopted on the 11 August 1925 as the Pistolet Mitrailleur Modèle 1924. The role of a light support weapon was already filled by machine guns, and with the end of World War I, there was no immediate requirement for an assault weapon. The only use the Army could ultimately find for the S.T.A. was to arm personnel whose job did not require a rifle. The S.T.A. saw limited use in the [[Rif War|Moroccan Rif War]], but these issues led to the Army cancelling the 8,000-gun order in 1928 after only 1,000 had been delivered. The S.T.A. was retired by the early 1930s. It has been said that some  S.T.A. submachine guns (As well as captured MP 18s) were used during the defence of France in 1940, probably in very small numbers.<ref name="Bishop 1998" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Le pistolet mitrailleur de 9 mm STA modèle 1924 |url=http://armesfrancaises.free.fr/PM%20STA%201924.html |website=armesfrancaises.free.fr |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=S.T.A. 1924 |url=http://firearms.96.lt/pages/STA_Modele_1924.html |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=firearms.96.lt}}</ref>[[File:Pistolet-mitrailleur S.T.A. - côté droit.jpg|thumb|left|A French-made STA Modèle 1924]]

The Austrian Steyr [[MP 34]] was created by a team of technicians led by [[Louis Stange]] who designed a submachine gun for Rheinmetall in 1919 and used Bergmann's [[MG 15]] to design the [[MG 30]]. The SIG Bergmann 1920 was used by Finland, Japan, and Estonia and was the inspiration for the Estonian Tallinn 1923, the Japanese [[Type 100 submachine gun]] and the Finnish [[Suomi KP/-31|Suomi model 31]], which in turn inspired Degtyarev for his PPD 34.

Emil Bergmann, Theodor Bergmann's son, designed the MP 32 that evolved into the MP 34 as adopted by Denmark before receiving the [[MP35]] name when adopted by nascent ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' in 1935. This submachine gun is often mistaken for the ''Mitraillette'' 34, an MP 28 made in Belgium by Pieper Bayard, former Bergmann licensed manufacturer or with the MP34 made by Steyr. It is easy to identify the Bergmann MP 32/34/35 or its final version 35/1 since the cocking lever works exactly like a rifle bolt.

In 1940, with a pressing need for individual automatic weapons, the British copied the MP 28 and developed the [[Lanchester submachine gun]] for the [[Royal Navy]]. Solidly built with the use of [[brass]] for the magazine well, and a bayonet mount, it entered service in 1940. The magazine and the bolt of the MP 28 could be used in the Lanchester. The British [[Sten]] used the side-mounted magazine configuration and a simplified version of the open-bolt firing operating system of the MP 28.

The [[OVP 1918]], an offspring of Revelli's Villar Perosa 1915, inspired{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} Heinrich Vollmer for his telescopic bolt used in the VPM 1930, [[Erma EMP|EMP]], MP 38, [[MP 40]] and [[MP_40#MP_41|MP 41]].

The Soviet Union made a similar use of MP 28 design in their PDD-34 sub machine gun in 1934. Further development of the PPD-34 led to the simplified [[PPD-40]] and [[PPSh-41]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Soviet Submachine Guns of World War II: PPD-40, PPSh-41 and PPS|series=Weapon 33|first=Chris |last=McNab|date= 20 May 2014 |isbn=9781782007944|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8enCwAAQBAJ |pages=8–9}}</ref>

==Design details==
[[Image:TM 08.jpg|thumb|right|TM 08 magazine for Bergmann MP 18.1]]

The MP 18 was a heavy weapon, weighing over {{convert|5|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}} when fully loaded. The [[Receiver (firearms)|receiver]] tube was very thick (around 3&nbsp;mm), compared with later [[World War II]] submachine guns with half that thickness or less, such as the Sten gun or MP 40.

Though Schmeisser designed a conventional 20-round-capacity "box" [[Magazine (firearm)|magazine]] for the weapon, the testing commission, for practical reasons, insisted that{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} the MP 18 be adapted to use the 32-round TM 08 Luger "snail" drum magazine that was widely used with the long-barreled version of the Luger pistol.<ref name="Bishop 1998"/>

Like many other open-bolt designs, the MP 18 was prone to accidental discharge. If the buttstock of a loaded gun was given a hard knock while the bolt was fully forward, the gun could accidentally fire because of the bolt overcoming the action spring resistance and moving rearward enough to pick up a round, chamber it and fire. Soldiers liked to leave the bolt of their firearm in this closed or forward position, so dirt and debris would not enter the barrel and chamber. This "bolt-closure" practice acted as a dust cover for the weapon's chamber, preventing a [[Firearm malfunction|malfunction]] from occurring because of the presence of debris, but making accidental discharge more likely.

The German police asked for external safeties on their MP 18s, and universal bolt-locking safeties were added on all the submachine guns used by the police. Later submachine gun designs like the Sten and the MP 40 were modified to allow the cocking handle to be pushed inwards to lock the closed bolt to the tubular receiver casing. This design change prevented accidental discharges when the bolt was left forward and a loaded magazine was inserted.

==Operation==
[[Image:Trommel Magazin laden.jpg|thumb|right|Loading a TM 08]]

The MP 18 submachine gun is a simple blowback operated weapon firing from the open bolt. The original MP 18.1 was designed to use the snail drum magazine of the Luger Artillery model pistol. This rotary design type of magazine holds 32 rounds of 9&nbsp;mm Parabellum,<ref name="Bishop 1998"/> the user having to load the magazine with a proprietary loading tool. A special sleeve was required when the snail drum was used on the MP 18 to stop the snail drum from being inserted too far in the magazine well.

After 1920, the MP 18 was modified to use a straight magazine similar to those used in the later developed MP 40 submachine gun. The MP 18 could only fire in the fully automatic mode. Its successor, the MP 28/2, received a modified mechanism with a selector for single shot or fully automatic fire.
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== Users ==
<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.-->
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* {{Flag|Belgium}}: MP 28 assembled under license at [[Anciens Etablissements Pieper|Pieper]], later adopted as Mi 34 Schmeisser-Bayard (''Mitraillette Modèle 1934''){{sfn|de Quesada|2014|p=11}}
* {{Flag|Bolivia}}: MP 18,<ref name= "Scarlata">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/La+Guerra+del+Chaco:+fighting+in+El+Infierno+Verde:+Part+II:+tanks,...-a0371469811|title=La Guerra del Chaco: fighting in El Infierno Verde: Part II: tanks, airplanes, submachine guns: all played a role in this bloody conflict over some of the world's most godforsaken real estate. - Free Online Library|website=www.thefreelibrary.com|access-date=10 March 2023}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=July 2023|reason=Article mentions 50 round magazines, this might be a misidentification of the SIG Bergmann.}}  MP 28,<ref name="Chaco"/> SIG Bergmann<ref name="auto"/>
* {{Flag|Brazil}}: Various police agencies adopted the MP 28 in [[7.63×25mm Mauser|7.63×25mm]] and [[9×19mm Parabellum|9×19mm]]; alongside SIG Bergmanns in 7.63×25mm. The São Paulo police adopted the MP 28 in 7.63×25mm in 1934; these weapons were issued 50 round magazines and were still in use in the late 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Origem da ROTA – Rondas Ostensivas Tobias de Aguiar|website=Associação dos Oficiais da Policia Militar|url=https://aopm.com.br/a-origem-da-rota/|access-date=2022-09-24|archive-date=2022-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928003235/https://aopm.com.br/a-origem-da-rota/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=O Museu de Polícia Militar de São Paulo|website=Armas On-Line |date=25 June 2017 |url=https://armasonline.org/armas-on-line/o-museu-da-pm-de-sao-paulo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SMGS AND CARBINES IN MILITARY AND THE USE IN BRAZIL |url=https://sadefensejournal.com/smgs-and-carbines-in-military-and-the-use-in-brazil/}}</ref> The Pernambuco police seized 25 Bergmanns from the [[:pt:Casas Pernambucanas|Lundgren Brothers]] in 1931 and put them into service, a SIG Bergmann with a 50-round magazine was borrowed by Lieutenant João Bezerra of the Alagoas police and used in the 1938 Angico Raid where [[Lampião]] was killed<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mello |first=Frederico Pernambucano de |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/879852051 |title=Guerreiros do sol : violência e banditismo no Nordeste do Brasil |date=2011 |isbn=978-85-63610-05-8 |edition=5a edição revista e atualizada |location=São Paulo |publisher=A Girafa |pages=322 |oclc=879852051}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Um século de comércio de armas da Bélgica para o Brasil: 1830-1930|journal=Ciência & Trópico |date=1994 |volume=22 |url=https://periodicos.fundaj.gov.br/CIC/article/view/556/390 |last1=Wiesebron |first1=Marianne L. }}</ref><ref name="auto"/> Around 8 Bergmmans were purchased for the Special Police in the [[Federal District of Brazil (1891–1960)|Federal District]]. Each of its four  shock detachments was armed with two Bergmanns, two Suomi KP31s, and two [[Thompson submachine gun|Thompsons]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Castro Gomes |first=Angela |title=Vargas e a crise dos anos 50}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Bulgaria}} In 1939 20 MP-18/1,  and 70 MP-28/2  submachine guns were in used with the police,<ref>Казазян Агоп, Оръжието на българския полицай 1878-1944, ИК "Свят.Наука", София, 1998, стр. 51-54, 62/Kazazyan, Agop, The Weapons of the Bulgarian Policeman 1878-1944, Svyat-Nauka, Sofia, 1998, pp. 51-54, 62 {{ISBN|954-8223-47-3}} https://books.google.bg/books?id=1JUJywEACAAJ&dq</ref> A further 300 MP28/2s were orderd during WW2<ref>Казазян Агоп, Оръжието на българския полицай 1878-1944, ИК "Свят.Наука", София, 1998, стр. 82-90/Kazazyan, Agop, The Weapons of the Bulgarian Policeman 1878-1944, Svyat-Nauka, Sofia, 1998, pp. 82-90 {{ISBN|954-8223-47-3}} https://books.google.bg/books?id=1JUJywEACAAJ&dq</ref>
* {{Flag|Canada|1868}}: Some evidence that captured{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} MP 18s in use with [[Alberta Provincial Police]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Let Justice Be Done: The Alberta Provincial Police, 1917-1932 |publisher=Provincial Archives of Alberta |url= https://provincialarchives.alberta.ca/let-justice-be-done-the-alberta-provincial-police-1917-1932 |access-date=2020-08-22}} {{cite web |title=Image |access-date=2020-08-22 |url= https://provincialarchives.alberta.ca/sites/default/files/styles/max_1300x1300/public/2018-09/A4814.jpg?itok=KD0U5rkj}}{{better source needed|date=March 2019}}</ref>
* {{Flagcountry|Republic of China (1912–1949)}}: Imported and local-made copies of the Swiss-made SIG Bergmann in [[7.63×25mm Mauser]]<ref name ="Suomi"/><ref>{{cite book|title=China's Small Arms of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) |last=Shih |first=Bin |year=2018}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Estonia}}:The MP18 was used to defend the Tallinn barracks during the 1924 communist uprising.<ref name="Kalashnikov"/> A unknown number of SIG Bergmanns were purchased.<ref name="auto"/> Estonian police purchased an unknown amount of guns from the Finnish Lindelöf  factory<ref name="jaegerplatoon">{{Cite web |title=FINNISH ARMY 1918 - 1945: MACHINEPISTOLS PART 1 |url=https://www.jaegerplatoon.net/MACHINEPISTOLS1.htm |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=www.jaegerplatoon.net}}</ref> 
* {{Flag|Finland}}: 1,523 SIG M/20s in [[7.65×21mm Parabellum|7.65×21mm Luger]] were bought between 1922 and 1940<ref name ="Suomi">{{cite book|title=The Suomi Submachine Gun|series=Weapon 54|first=Leroy|last= Thompson |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|date=23 Mar 2017|isbn=9781472819642|page=8}}</ref> During the Winter War, 171 MP-28s were bought from Belgium; but they did not arrive in time. These guns were later issued in the Continuation War to units in Lapland, home front troops and supply corps.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FINNISH ARMY 1918 - 1945: MACHINEPISTOLS PART 2 |url=https://www.jaegerplatoon.net/MACHINEPISTOLS2.htm |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=www.jaegerplatoon.net}}</ref> The Leonard Lindelöf company started to manufacture  licensed copies of the M/20 in 1922 it is estimated 60 or 70 guns were made in total; those were of inferior quality and the magazines were not interchangeable. The production suffered multiple delays, in 1925 the first guns were completed and small amounts were sold to police, coastal guard, local civil guard organizations and customs. 12 were acquired by the civil guard in 1932 as a pledge from a failed contract.<ref name="jaegerplatoon"/> 
* {{Flag|France}}:After WW1 a small amount was surrendered by Germany; they were still in inventory in 1939<ref name="Bishop 1998"/>
* {{Flag|Germany}}:
** {{Flag|German Empire}}<ref name="Bishop 1998"/>
** {{Flag|Weimar Republic}}: Used by the police after WWI.<ref>{{cite book|last=Willbanks |first=James H. |title=Machine Guns: An Illustrated History of Their Impact |url=https://archive.org/details/machinegunsillus00will |url-access=limited |isbn=978-1851094806 |publisher=ABC CLIO|year=2004|page=[https://archive.org/details/machinegunsillus00will/page/n96 80]}}</ref>
** {{Flag|Nazi Germany}}<ref name="Bishop 1998"/>
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}: ex-Japanese Swiss-made guns.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Control of local conflict: a design study on arms control and limited war in the developing areas|volume=2|last1=Bloomfield |first1=Lincoln P. |last2=Leiss |first2=Amelia Catherine <!--|last3=Legere |first3=Laurence J. |last4=Barringer |first4=Richard E. |last5=Fisher |first5=R. Lucas |last6=Hoagland |first6=John H. |last7=Fraser |first7=Janet |last8=Ramers |first8=Robert K.--> |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for International Studies|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/85055|date=30 June 1967|hdl=1721.1/85055|page=149}}</ref> Captured MP28s were used during the [[Indonesian National Revolution]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lohnstein |first=Marc |title=The Dutch-Indonesian War 1945-49: armies of the Indonesian War of Independence |last2=Hook |first2=Adam |date=2023 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-5474-2 |series=Men-at-arms |location=Oxford}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Imperial State of Iran|1964}}:The MP28 was purchased before WW2 and used during the [[Iran crisis of 1946]].<ref name="ISMG">{{cite web|url=https://silahreport.com/2021/06/21/iranian-submachine-guns-1941-1979/|title=Silah Report Podcast V33: Iranian Submachine Guns (1941–1979)|date=21 June 2021}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Empire of Japan}}: SIG Bergmann in [[7.63×25mm Mauser]] adopted by the navy; 125 were ordered in 1922 and 320 in 1929. These weapons were fitted with the [[Type 30 bayonet]] and issued to Japanese Marines in China. SIG Bergmanns were also captured from Chinese forces.<ref name="auto"/><ref name ="Suomi"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Shanghai and Nanjing 1937: Massacre on the Yangtze|series=Campaign 309|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|first=Benjamin |last=Lai |date=29 Jun 2017|isbn=9781472817495|page=21}}</ref> MP28 bought for trials <ref name="MP18I" />
* {{Flag|Latvia}}: approx. 6 Bergmann MP 18s in the stock of the [[Latvian National Armed Forces|Latvian Army]] by April 1936<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Dambītis|first=Kārlis|date=2016|title=Latvijas armijas artilērija 1919.-1940.g.: Vieta bruņotajos spēkos, struktūra un uzdevumi|trans-title=Artillery of the Latvian Army (1918–1940): structure, tasks and place in the Armed forces|url=https://dspace.lu.lv/dspace/handle/7/31857?locale-attribute=en|publisher=University of Latvia|type=PhD thesis|page=115}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Malaya}}
* {{Flag|Manchukuo}}: Adopted locally-made Chinese copies of the SIG Bergmann<ref name=auto />
* {{Flag|Netherlands}}: MP 28 adopted by [[Royal Netherlands East Indies Army|KNIL]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.waroverholland.nl/index.php?page=dutch-heavy-and-light-machineguns|title=Dutch machineguns [War over Holland - May 1940: the Dutch struggle]|website=www.waroverholland.nl|access-date=10 March 2023}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Norway}}: The Assault Group of the Norwegian Police Service acquired 26 SIG Bergmann submachine guns in 1937<ref>{{cite book|title=Politiets Våpen|author=Magnar Skaret|isbn=978-82-998108-4-5|publisher=Norsk Politihistorisk Selskap|year=2017|pages=143–145}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Paraguay}}:Purchased a few MP 28s before the Chaco War,<ref name= "Scarlata"/> later captured more from Bolivian forces<ref name="Chaco"/> SIG Bergmannns captured from Bolivia<ref name="auto"/>
* {{Flag|Poland|1927}}: MP 28 obtained for trials, possibly issued to presidential guard and police forces<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firearmsnews.com/editorial/polish-wwii-weapons-part-1/364279|title=Polish WWII Weapons Part 1|date=26 July 2019 }}</ref>
* {{Flag|Portugal}}: ''Pistola metralhadora Bergmann'' in 7.65mm, likely SIG Bergmann. Issued to the army and public security police in 1929, under the designation m/929.<ref name="Bishop 1998" /><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2022-12-29|archive-date=27 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327041640/http://www.revistamilitar.pt/modules/articles/article.php?id=528|date=2012-03-27|url-status=dead|title=:: Revista Militar ::-Revistas - As Indústrias Militares e As Armas de Fogo|url=http://www.revistamilitar.pt/modules/articles/article.php?id=528}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
* {{Flag|Romania|1941}}: Small numbers of MP 18 and MP 28 submachine guns adopted by police units in the interwar years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PART I: ROMANIAN WORLD WAR II: SMALL ARMS: PUSTI SI PISTOLUL MITRALIERA. - Free Online Library |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/PART+I:+ROMANIAN+WORLD+WAR+II:+SMALL+ARMS:+PUSTI+SI+PISTOLUL...-a0598128492 |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}</ref><ref name="MP18I" /> Several thousand MP 28 submachine guns were supplied to the [[Iron Guard]] by the [[Sicherheitsdienst]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Romanian Army of World War II|author=Mark Axworthy|isbn=1855321696|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=1992|page=46}}</ref> used by the army after the [[Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom|Iron Guard Rebellion]]
* {{Flag|Slovak Republic (1939–1945)}}: Used by Reinsurance division (Security division) in Belorussia and Ukraine against pro-Soviet partisans 
* {{Flag|Republic of Korea}}: [[Korean Liberation Army]] used in [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] received by [[National Revolutionary Army]]{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
* {{Flag|Spanish Republic}}: Multiple batches of MP28s bought for trials; mass-produced a copy of the MP 28 known as the 'Avispero' during the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref name="Spain2">{{Cite web |title=Subfusiles de la Guerra Civil española (I): MP-28 "Naranjero"|url=https://www.gehm.es/siglo-xx/subfusiles-de-la-guerra-civil-espanola-i-mp-28-naranjero/ |language=es |website=gehm.es |access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref> 167 MP 18s were acquired from [[SEPEWE]] in October 1936<ref name="Spain"/>
* {{Flag|Spanish State}}: Captured Republican-made MP 28 'Avispero' guns pressed into service after the Civil War<ref>{{cite book|last=de Quesada |first=Alejandro |title=The Spanish Civil War 1936–39 (1): Nationalist Forces |series=Men-at-Arms 495 |date=20 May 2014b |isbn=9781782007821 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |page=38}}</ref> Those weapons were retired from the regular army in the 1950s; but remained in use with colonial troops until the 1960s. Issued to native police during the [[Ifni War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Guerra de Ifni-Sáhara 1957-1958 (IV): Material ligero y pesado utilizado|url=https://archivoshistoria.com/la-guerra-de-ifni-sahara-1957-1958-iv-material-ligero-y-pesado-utilizado/}}</ref> 
* {{Flag|Switzerland}}: 25 SIG Bergmanns in 7.65mm were trialed by the army, but were not adopted. The Zurich police adopted the SIG Bergmann in 9mm Parabellum.<ref name="auto"/>
* {{Flag|Thailand}}: The SIG Bergmann in 7.65 Parabellum was adopted by police. It was also used for executions until the 1980s, when it was replaced by the [[Heckler & Koch MP5|MP5SD]]<ref name="auto"/>
{{Div col end}}

<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:Chinese collaborators army.jpg|Soldiers of the [[Collaborationist Chinese Army]] with SIG Bergmanns
File:APP motorcycle and sidecar used during labour disputes in the Drumheller area (21332393210).jpg|Members of the Alberta Provincial Police in Canada with an MP 18 and [[Lewis gun]] (1920s)
File:Varsovia.jpg|Photo from the [[Stroop Report]] of the [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]], 1943; showing MP 28s.
File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 06b.jpg|Photo from the Stroop Report of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943; showing MP 28s.
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book
 | last = de Quesada
 | first = Alejandro
 | title = MP 38 and MP 40 Submachine Guns
 | series = Weapons 31
 | publisher = Osprey Publishing
 | year = 2014
 | isbn = 978-1780963884
 }}

==Further reading==
* Clinton Ezell, Edward. ''Small arms of the world'', Eleventh Edition, Arms & Armour Press, London, 1977
*{{cite book|last=Cornish|first=Paul|year=2009|title=Machine Guns and the Great War|publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited|isbn=978-1848840478}}
* de Vries, G.; Martens, B.J. The MP 38, 40, 40/1 and 41 Submachine gun, Propaganda Photos Series, Volume 2, Special Interest Publicaties BV, Arnhem, The Netherlands. First Edition 2001
* Gotz, Hans Dieter, ''German Military Rifles and Machine Pistols, 1871–1945'', Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. West Chester, Pennsylvania, 1990. {{OCLC|24416255}}
* Günter Wollert;  Reiner Lidschun;  Wilfried Kopenhagen, ''Illustrierte Enzyklopädie der Schützenwaffen aus aller Welt: Schützenwaffen heute (1945-1985)'', Berlin : Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, 1988. {{OCLC|19630248}}
* Smith, W.H.B, ''Small arms of the world: the basic manual of military small arms'', Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1955. {{OCLC|3773343}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|MP18}}
*[http://www.securityarms.com/20010315/galleryfiles/3200/3292.htm A Bergmann MP 18 built in Tsing Tao, China in 1927]
*[http://www.cruffler.com/historic-july00.html Historic Arms]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080913183651/http://world.guns.ru/smg/smg76-e.htm MP 18]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071202134302/http://www.smallarmsreview.com/pdf/mar04.pdf Small Arms Review: The MP28,II Successor of the MP 18/I]
*[http://www.lugerlp08.com Luger Artillery and Mauser Parabellum - Trommelmagazine use]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULg3Q36RWtk: YouTube Animation showing mechanism of MP 18.1]

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{{WWIIGermanInfWeapons}}

[[Category:1918 establishments in Germany]]
[[Category:1920s disestablishments in Germany]]
[[Category:7.63×25mm Mauser submachine guns]]
[[Category:7.65×21mm Parabellum submachine guns]]
[[Category:9mm Parabellum submachine guns]]
[[Category:Firearms by Hugo Schmeisser]]
[[Category:Simple blowback firearms]]
[[Category:Submachine guns of Germany]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1918]]
[[Category:World War I German infantry weapons]]
[[Category:Weapons of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:World War I submachine guns]]
[[Category:World War II infantry weapons of China]]
[[Category:World War II infantry weapons of Germany]]
[[Category:World War II infantry weapons of Brazil]]
[[Category:World War II submachine guns]]