Brontekst bekijken van M19 Maschinengranatwerfer

{{Infobox weapon
| name               = M19 Maschinengranatwerfer
| image              = MRU9.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = The remnants of a M19 Maschinengranatwerfer in Festungsfront in Oder-Warthe fortress in [[Międzyrzecz]], Poland.
| origin             = Germany
| type               = [[Mortar (weapon)|Mortar]]
| is_ranged          = yes
| is_artillery       = yes
| design_date        = 1934
| manufacturer       = [[Rheinmetall-Borsig]]
| number             = 150
| weight             = 220 kg
| caliber            = 50 mm
| cartridge_weight   = 0.9 kg
| rate               = 60-120 rounds per minute
| velocity           = 44-83 m/s
| max_range          = 50-750 m
| elevation          = +48° to +87°
| traverse           = 360°
}}
The '''M-19 Maschinengranatwerfer''' is a German 50&nbsp;mm [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] which was used during [[World War II]]. The mortar was developed in 1934 for the purpose of defending permanent military bases. It had a maximum [[rate of fire]] of 120 rounds per minute and a range of 750 metres.

== Design ==
Created by [[Rheinmetall|Rheinmetall-Borsig]], it is a very heavy and complicated weapon system, with its barrel and base alone weighing 220&nbsp;kg.

This automatic 5&nbsp;cm mortar could fire a maximum of 120 bombs a minute, and was electrically operated with manual backup. The firing rate of 120 bombs/minute was seldom used as it caused much stress and wear on the construction. It was loaded with clips of six bombs by two crew members. Several other crew members prepared the clips. One gunner aimed and fired the weapon.

It is unknown how many units were built, but it is estimated that the number could hardly have been much more than 150. Some mounted in the West Wall (Westwall) in Germany were removed and positioned on the Atlantic Wall.

The idea was that the M19 mortar would be used in conjunction with [[machine gun]]s, especially those mounted in [[armoured dome]]s. The mortar was to fire into "dead zone" or "blind zone" areas that were out of range and direct sighting for the machine guns, such as low spots in the terrain and the far sides of hills and ridges. In this way enemy soldiers seeking cover from direct fire would be flushed out into the open, so that the machine guns could engage them. The 5&nbsp;cm projectiles possessed small amount of high-explosive filler and generated only a small number of fragments. It required a significant number of rounds to have effect on troops in prone positions and seeking cover.

==R-633 bunker==
The R-633 bunker was designed to protect the M19.<ref name="SJZ">{{cite book |first=Steven J |last=Zaloga |title=The Atlantic Wall (1): France |publisher=Osprey Publishing, 2012 |isbn=9781782007074 |page=39|date=2012-11-20 }}</ref> Fewer than 100 R-633 were built.<ref name=JEK/>{{rp|225}} Where possible the entire construction was to be buried underground, leaving just the flat armoured opening on the roof to fire through. Access to the bunker was by way of a trench.

The automatic feeder for the mortar required a [[three-phase]] electricity supply to power the lift, otherwise ammunition had to be passed up. Earlier versions were manually fed using a flywheel. The bunker held 3,944 mortar rounds. A 24&nbsp;V battery system provided lighting. Bulbs illuminated to show the rate of fire, 40, 60, 80 or 120 round per minute.

Each R-633 was built to the standard B strength, with 2&nbsp;m thick walls and roof. If, as was standard, it was to be completely buried, 1,900&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup> had to be excavated. Each bunker required 845&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup> of concrete, 40 tonnes of steel rebar and 6.3 tonnes of other steel items.<ref name=SJZ/>  The weapon was installed in an armoured dome weighing 39 tonnes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bunkersite.com/panzer/archive/424p01.html|title = Panzerturm für 5cm-Maschinengranatwerfer M19 424P01}}</ref>

Two armoured turrets were designed:<ref name="JEK">{{cite book |first=J.E. |last=Kaufmann |display-authors=etal |title=Fortress Third Reich: German Fortifications and Defense Systems in World War II |publisher=Da Capo Press, 2007 |isbn=9780306816352}}</ref>{{rp|350}}
* 34P8 ''Panzerturm für 5cm M19 Maschinengranatwerfer mit Schachtring'' B strength designed in 1935
* 49P8 ''Panzerturm für 5cm M19 Maschinengranatwerfer'' was A-1 strength designed in 1935
''(The 34 and 49 refer to the type of design, the P stands for Panzer or armoured, the 8 is the sum of the last 2 digits of the year (3+5=8))''

The R-633 had a crew of 14 men, half working with the mortar, the remainder providing local defence.<ref name=AHM19/>

==M-19 locations==
[[File:Fjell festning R633 M-19 Maschinengranatenwerfer.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Fjell, Norway festning R633 M-19 Maschinengranatenwerfer]]
{{dynamic list}}
* [[Alderney]] - 2<ref>{{cite book |first=Trevor |last=Davenport |title=Festung Alderney |publisher=Barnes publishing |isbn=0-9545714-0-1|year=2003 }}</ref>
** Bonne Terre Valley (Widerstandsnest Mullerhof)
** Longis Bay (Stützpunkt Steinbruch)
* Belgium
** Harbour of Oostende - 2 <ref name=AHM19/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.tracesofwar.com/article/7883/German-Mortar-Bunker.htm |title=German Mortar Bunker |publisher=Traces of War}}</ref>
* Denmark - 20
** Stütspunkt Agger-Dorf (Mortar No 135 is on display at [[Hanstholm fortress]]) <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.warrelics.eu/forum/armour-weapons-aircraft-recovery/m19-maschinengranatwerfer-22462/ |title=M19 Maschinengranatwerfer}}</ref>
** Stütspunktgruppe Blaavand, Esbjerg <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wartourist.eu/places_overview_gb.htm |title=Atlantic Wall Places in Denmark and Norway}}</ref>
* France - 48 <ref name=SJZ/>
** [[Saint-Nazaire submarine base]] (not in R633)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bunkersite.com/locations/france/nazaire/m19-ubb-nazaire.php |title=M 19 mortar, U-boat base}}</ref>
** North of [[Utah Beach]]<ref name=SJZ/>
** [[Oye-Plage]]<ref name=SJZ/>
** Wn Lo25 Le Locmiquel, west of Lorient <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atlantikwall.co.uk/atlantikwall/fbl_lo_25.php |title=Brittany K.V.Gruppe Lorient Wn Lo25 Le Locmiquel, Cote 40}}</ref>
** Ra230 Fort de la Cite d'Aleth, [[Saint-Malo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atlantikwall.co.uk/atlantikwall/fbra_ra230_alet_in.php |title=Ra230 Fort de la Cité d'Aleth. Inside the wall. K.V.U. Gruppe Festung St Malo, K.V.Gruppe Rance.}}</ref>
* Germany - 32
** B-Werke of the [[Siegfried Line|Westwall]] - 32<ref>{{cite book |first=J.E. |last=Kaufmann |display-authors=etal |title=The Forts and Fortifications of Europe 1815-1945: The Central States: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Czechoslovakia |publisher=Pen and Sword, 2014 |isbn=9781473838550|date=2014-07-02 }}</ref>
* [[Guernsey]] - 4 <ref>{{cite book |first=Ernie |last=Gavey |title=German Fortifications of Guernsey |year=2001 |publisher=Guernsey Armouries |isbn=978-0953163106}}</ref>
** Chouet (Stützpunkt Krahennest)
** [[Fort Hommet]] (Stützpunkt Rotenstein)
** [[Fort Saumarez]] (Stützpunkt Langenberg)
** Grandes Rocques Stützpunkt Großfels
* [[Jersey]] - 1
** [[La Corbière]] (open to the public) <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tombrossman.com/blog/2012/german-bunkers-at-corbiere-m19-fortress-mortar/ |title=M19 Fortress mortar|date=16 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ciosjersey.org.uk/bunkers/m19-fortress-mortar-heavy-machine-gun-bunkers |title=La Corbière Point, Saint Brelade |publisher=CIOS}}</ref>
* Netherlands
** Breskens
** Kernwerk fortress (Forteiland) - 2 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://bunkersite.com/locations/holland/n-holland/ijmuiden/kernwerk.php |title=Kernwerk}}</ref>
* Norway
** Kristiansand S - 2
** Fjell - 3<ref name=JEK/>{{rp|232}}
** U-boot Bunker BRUNO, Bergen (installation on UBB never finished) - 1<ref name=JEK/>{{rp|232}}
** Ørland - 1
** Storfosna - 1
** Kristiansund N - 2
** Bodø - 1
** Kirkenes - 1 (maybe 2)
* Poland
** Ostwall defence line
** Festung Oder warthe Bogen, [[Międzyrzecz]] with 49P8 turret with a 438P01 turret for observation - 2 <ref name="AHM19">{{cite web |url=http://www.axishistory.com/whats-new/138-equipment/equipment/2247-m19-maschinengranatwerfer |title=M19 Maschinengranatwerfer}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090729112620/http://www.museumscenterhanstholm.dk/nyheder/?&PAGE=754 Museums Center Hanstholm]
* [http://www.ciosjersey.org.uk/bunkers/m19-fortress-mortar-heavy-machine-gun-bunkers M19 museum Jersey]

[[Category:World War II mortars of Germany]]
[[Category:50 mm artillery]]