Brontekst bekijken van Improvised firearm

{{short description|Makeshift ranged weapon}}
[[File:Homemade pistol Sweden 002.jpg|thumb|300px|A homemade pistol, confiscated by the Swedish Police. Given to the Museum of Vänersborg in 1985]]

'''Improvised firearms''' (sometimes called  '''zip guns''', '''pipe guns''', or '''slam guns''') are [[firearm]]s manufactured other than by a firearms manufacturer or a [[gunsmith]], and are typically constructed by adapting existing materials to the purpose. They range in quality from crude weapons that are as much a danger to the user as the target to high-quality arms produced by [[cottage industries]] using salvaged and repurposed materials.<ref name=purgatory>{{cite book|author=Harlan Ellison|title=Memos from Purgatory|isbn=0-441-52438-9|publisher=Ace Books|year=1983}}, Chapter 4</ref><ref name=danaocity>{{cite journal|url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/ceb/2008/05/30/bus/solon.foresees.export.potential.in.local.gun.making.industry.html |date=May 30, 2008 |title=Solon foresees export potential in local gun making industry |journal=Sun Star |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829022529/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/ceb/2008/05/30/bus/solon.foresees.export.potential.in.local.gun.making.industry.html |archive-date=August 29, 2008 }}</ref><ref name=India2>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/27/world/india-s-corner-of-mystery-bihar-s-poor-and-lawless.html|title=India's Corner of Mystery: Bihar's Poor and Lawless|first1=Steven R.|last1=Weisman|first2=Special To the New York|last2=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 27, 1987|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110132024/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/27/world/india-s-corner-of-mystery-bihar-s-poor-and-lawless.html|archive-date=November 10, 2012}}</ref>

Improvised firearms may be used as tools by criminals and insurgents and are sometimes associated with such groups;<ref name=oldguns>{{Cite web|url=http://oldguns.net/q&a4_97.htm|title=April 1997 Questions And Answers|website=oldguns.net|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818041536/http://oldguns.net/q&a4_97.htm|archive-date=August 18, 2021}}</ref><ref name=SI>{{cite web|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/price-of-freedom/spanish-american-war/defeating-spain-philippines|title=Defeating Spain in the Philippines: Handmade Filipino Gun|date=2 August 2021|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103132702/https://americanhistory.si.edu/price-of-freedom/spanish-american-war/defeating-spain-philippines|archive-date= January 3, 2023}}</ref> other uses include self-defense in lawless areas and [[hunting]] game in poor rural areas.<ref name=backfire>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7514322.stm|date=18 July 2008|title=Gun briefing backfires in China|work=BBC News|access-date=January 5, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719013541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7514322.stm|archive-date=July 19, 2008}}</ref>

==Types==
{{missing information|section|electric ignition; other improvised ammo setups|date=July 2022}}

===Zip guns===
Zip guns are generally crude homemade firearms consisting of a [[Gun barrel|barrel]], [[breechblock]] and a firing mechanism. For small, low-pressure [[Cartridge (firearms)|cartridges]], like the common .22 caliber [[Rimfire ammunition|rimfire]] cartridges, even very thin-walled tubing works as a barrel, strapped to a block of wood for a handle. A [[rubber band]] powers the [[firing pin]], which the shooter pulls back and releases to fire. Such weak tubing results in a firearm that can be as dangerous to the shooter as the target; the poorly fitting [[smoothbore]] barrel provides little accuracy and is liable to burst upon firing.<ref name=purgatory/> The better designs use heavier pipes and spring loaded trigger mechanisms. Larger zip guns, such as homemade [[shotgun]]s called ''tumbera'' (Argentina), ''bakakuk''<ref name="Nais1996">{{cite book|author=Jamili Nais|title=Kinabalu Park and the Surrounding Indigenous Communities, Malaysia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbwsAQAAMAAJ|access-date=12 May 2013|year=1996|publisher=South-South Cooperation Programme on Environmentally Sound Socio-Economic Development in the Humid Tropics}}</ref> (Malaysia), or ''sumpak''<ref>{{cite book|title=Small arms survey 2003: development denied|url=https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/resource/small-arms-survey-2003-development-denied|access-date=12 May 2013|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925175-9|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328053925/https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/resource/small-arms-survey-2003-development-denied|archive-date=March 28, 2023|pages=34–}}</ref> (Philippines) are also made of improvised materials like [[nail (fastener)|nails]], steel pipes, wooden pieces, bits of string, etc.

<gallery>
File:Wooden toy gun.jpg|Improvised firearm used during WWII 
File:Zip-gun with interchangeable barrels.jpg|Improvised zip-gun with interchangeable barrels.
File:Zip Gun.jpg|Zip gun
File:A_Crude_Indian_Homemade_"Gun".jpg|A very crude yet functioning homemade gun made by a man in India; it is constructed mostly out of plumbing material
File:Zip guns, selection.jpg|Collection of Zip guns
</gallery>

===Pen guns===
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[[Pen gun]]s are zip gun-like firearms that resemble ink [[pen]]s.<ref name="Fingertip">{{cite book|title=Fingertip Firepower: Pen Guns, Knives and Bombs|author=John Minnery|publisher=[[Paladin Press]]|year=1990|pages=33, 38|isbn=0-87364-560-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=I was Trained to be a Spy: A True Life Story|author=Helias Doundoulaki|page=65|year=2008|isbn=978-1425753795}}</ref> They generally are of small caliber (e.g., .[[22 LR]], [[.25 ACP]], [[.32 ACP]], etc.)<ref>Wright, James D.; Rossi, Peter H.; Daly, Kathleen (1983). Under the Gun: Weapons, Crime and Violence in America. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter. ISBN 0202303063.</ref><ref name="Zip">{{cite book|title=Zips, Pipes, And Pens: Arsenal Of Improvised Weapons|url=https://archive.org/details/Zips_Pipes_And_Pens_-J_David_Truby_Paladin_Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/Zips_Pipes_And_Pens_-J_David_Truby_Paladin_Press/page/n128 132]|publisher=Paladin Press|year=1993|isbn=0873647025|author=J. David Truby}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Instructions -- .25 ACP|url=http://pengun.com/25instructions.htm|access-date=2014-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111132430/http://pengun.com/25instructions.htm|archive-date=January 11, 2007}}</ref> and are [[single shot]].<ref name="Zip"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Gun Trader's Guide, Thirty-Fifth Edition: A Comprehensive, Fully Illustrated Guide to Modern Firearms with Current Market Values|author=Stephen D. Carpenteri|date=October 2013|isbn=978-1626360259|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing}}</ref>  Early examples of pen guns were [[Pinfire cartridge|pinfired]], but modern designs are [[Rimfire ammunition|rimfire]] or [[centerfire]].<ref name="Fingertip"/>  Some pen guns are not designed to fire regular cartridges, but rather [[Blank (cartridge)|blank cartridges]], [[Flare|signal flares]], or [[tear gas]] cartridges.<ref name="Fingertip"/><ref name="NFA"/>

In the United States, pen guns that fire bullets or shot cartridges do not require a reconfiguration to fire, (e.g., folding to the shape of a pistol) and are federally regulated as an [[Any Other Weapon]] ([[Title II weapon|Title II]]).  They require registration under the [[National Firearms Act]] and a tax in the amount of $200 to manufacture or $5 to transfer is levied.<ref name="NFA">{{cite web|title=Identification of Firearms Within the Purview of the National Firearms Act|url=http://www.atf.gov/firearms/guides/identification-of-nfa-firearms.html|access-date=2014-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305223116/https://www.atf.gov/firearms/firearms-guide-identification-firearms-within-purview-national-firearms-act|archive-date= March 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=National Firearms Act Handbook|url=http://www.atf.gov/files/publications/download/p/atf-p-5320-8/atf-p-5320-8.pdf|access-date=2014-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061739/https://www.atf.gov/firearms/docs/guide/atf-national-firearms-act-handbook-atf-p-53208/download|archive-date=March 24, 2022}}</ref>

===Pipe guns===
Pipe guns were first seen in the Philippines during World War II.<ref name="auto">[https://www.guns.com/2017/05/14/richardsons-philippine-guerrilla-gun-a-gun-to-get-a-gun/ Richardson Industries M5 Philippine guerrilla gun: A gun to get a gun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808011655/https://www.guns.com/2017/05/14/richardsons-philippine-guerrilla-gun-a-gun-to-get-a-gun/ |date=2018-08-08 }} Richardson Industries M5 Philippine guerrilla gun: A gun to get a gun 5/14/17 by Chris Eger</ref> The "paliuntod" is a type of improvised [[shotgun]] commonly used by [[guerrilla]]s and the joint American and Filipino soldiers who remained behind after [[Douglas MacArthur]]'s withdrawal. Made of two pieces of pipe that fit snugly together, the "paliuntod" were simple, single shot guns. These pipe guns are still in use by both criminals and rebels in the Philippines.<ref name=calleja>{{cite journal|url=http://inquirer.net/breakingnews/regions/view/20080605-140878/3-suspected-cattle-rustlers-killed-in-Cavite-shootout|title=3 suspected cattle rustlers killed in Cavite shootout|author=Niña Catherine Calleja|date=June 5, 2008|website=Inquirer.net}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=amarga>{{cite journal|url=http://sunstar.com.ph/static/cag/2007/06/13/news/communists.admit.slay.of.2.cafgus.datus.html |journal=Sun Star |date=June 13, 2007 |title=Communists admit slay of 2 Cafgus, datus |author=Lizanilla J. Amarga |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011232616/http://sunstar.com.ph/static/cag/2007/06/13/news/communists.admit.slay.of.2.cafgus.datus.html |archive-date=October 11, 2007 }}</ref>

In 1946, pipe guns were patented in the United States by Iliff D. "Rich" Richardson, who fought with the Filipino insurgents during the Japanese occupation.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=McCollum|first=Ian|date=2021-01-27|title=Richardson Industries Slamfire Guerrilla Shotguns - Forgotten Weapons|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUjDumvMK6I|access-date=2021-02-07|website=www.youtube.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206062844/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUjDumvMK6I&t|archive-date=2021-02-06|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Made by "Richardson Industries" as the "Model R5 Philippine Guerrilla Gun", these 12 gauge shotguns sold for $7 at the time.<ref name="auto"/>

Improvised versions are made by using two pipes and an end-cap; they usually fire shotgun shells. To fire the gun, the user inserts a shotgun shell into the smaller diameter pipe, places the smaller pipe into the larger diameter pipe, and forcefully slides it back until the shell's primer makes contact with a fixed firing pin located inside the end-cap.<ref name=oldguns/><ref name=SI/> Other improved versions use improvised detachable magazines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=3mbJpJNTjyE|title=Homemade Slam-Fire Shotgun with Detachable Magazine|website=[[YouTube]]|author=Gordon Dahle|date=November 10, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125014438/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3mbJpJNTjyE|archive-date=November 25, 2023}}</ref>
[[File:APOCU410.jpg|thumb|A homemade pipe shotgun that shoots .410 shotgun shells.]]

<gallery>
File:Cottonwood improvised shotgun.jpg|Improvised pipe gun; showing barrel, receiver and a 12 gauge shotgun shell 
File:Cottonwood improvised shotgun measured.jpg|Improvised pipe gun; showing dimensions  
File:Cottonwood improvised shotgun muzzle.jpg|Improvised pipe gun; showing firing pin inside receiver 
File:Cottonwood improvised shotgun round chambered.jpg|Improvised pipe gun; showing 12 gauge shotgun shell
</gallery>

===Repurposed or conversions===
[[Flare gun]]s have also been converted to firearms. This may be accomplished by replacing the (often plastic) barrel of the flare gun with a metal pipe strong enough to chamber a [[shotgun shell]], or by inserting a smaller-bore barrel into the existing barrel (such as with a [[caliber conversion sleeve]]) to chamber a firearm cartridge, such as a [[.22 Long Rifle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/ct/Newsletters/PSN%20Newsletter%20Winter%202003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040725095406/http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/ct/Newsletters/PSN%20Newsletter%20Winter%202003.pdf|archive-date=2004-07-25|title=Project Safe Neighborhoods|author=US Department of Justice, District of Connecticut}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pacer.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinion.pdf/964416.P.pdf|title=UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. BARRY WILLIAM DOWNER|author=UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT|access-date=2008-08-14|archive-date=2012-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306034152/http://pacer.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinion.pdf/964416.P.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Cap pistol converted into zip gun capable of shooting .22 caliber shells.jpg|thumb|A zip gun constructed from a toy cap gun. The gun is capable of shooting a .22 caliber round]]

More advanced improvised guns can use parts from other gun-like products. One example is the [[cap gun]]. A cap gun can be disassembled, and a barrel added, turning the toy gun into a real one. A firing pin can then be added to the hammer, to concentrate the force onto the primer of the cartridge. If the cap gun has a strong enough hammer spring, the existing trigger mechanism can be used as-is; otherwise, rubber bands may be added to increase the power of the hammer.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Zip Guns and Crude Conversions. When converted to a muzzleloader the cap's can be used as a percussion cap using powder extracted from cap's or scraped off match heads. Identifying Characteristics and Problems|author=Bruce Barak Koffler|journal=The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science|date=March 1970|pages=115–125|publisher=Northwestern University}}</ref>

[[Air gun]]s have also been modified to convert them to firearms. The [[Air gun#Air cartridge system|Brocock Air Cartridge System]], for example, uses a self-contained "cartridge" roughly the size of a [[.38 Special]] cartridge, which contains an air reservoir, valve, and a .22 caliber (5.5&nbsp;mm) pellet. Examples of BACS airguns converted to firearms, either by drilling the barrel out to fire a .38 Special cartridge or by altering the cylinder to accept .22 caliber cartridges, have been used in a number of crimes. [[Blank (cartridge)|Blank]]-firing guns can also be converted by adding a barrel, although the low-quality alloys used for cheaper blank-firing guns may break with the pressures and stresses of a real bullet being fired.<ref name=dimaio>{{cite book|author=Vincent J. M. Di Maio, M.D.|year=1999|publisher=CRC Press|title=Gunshot Wounds|isbn=0-8493-8163-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/gunshotwoundspra00dima}}</ref>

===Cryptic firearms===
{{See also|Title II weapons#Any other weapon}}
Some more complex improvised firearms are not only well-built, but also use [[mimicry]] as [[camouflage]], taking the appearance of other items. Improvised firearms in the form of [[flashlight]]s, [[cellular telephone]]s, [[Walking stick|canes]] and large [[Bolt (fastener)|bolts]] have all been seized by law enforcement officials.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} Most of these are .22 caliber rimfires, but flashlight guns have been found ranging from small models firing [[.22 Long Rifle]] to larger ones chambered for [[.410 bore]] [[shotgun shell]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegunzone.com/mos/crypto-boltgun.html|publisher=The Gun Zone|title=Crypto bolt gun|access-date=2008-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613210530/http://www.thegunzone.com/mos/crypto-boltgun.html|archive-date=2008-06-13|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090210104205/http://www.newsday.com/news/local/newyork/am-gun0613,0,5232477.story Cops on alert for flashlight guns], BY ROCCO PARASCANDOLA, NEWSDAY STAFF WRITER, June 13, 2006</ref>

While most improvised firearms are single-shot, multiple-shot versions are also encountered. The simplest multi-shot zip guns are [[derringer]]-like, and consist of a number of single-shot zip guns attached together. The [[pepper-box]] design is also used in homemade guns because it is relatively easy to make out of a bundle of pipes or a steel cylinder. In late 2000, British police encountered a four-shot .22 LR zip gun disguised as a [[mobile phone]], where different keys on the keypad fire different barrels. Because of this discovery, mobile phones are now [[X-ray]]ed by airport screeners worldwide. Authorities believe they were manufactured in [[Croatia]], and they still turned up in Europe as late as 2004, according to a report by [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0%2C10987%2C581402%2C00.html|title=Press M for Murder: Cell Phones That Kill|publisher=[[Time Magazine]]|last=Zagorin|first=Adam|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050423234143/http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,581402,00.html|archive-date=April 23, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://67.19.222.106/inboxer/video/cellgun.mpg|title=Video of cellphone gun firing|access-date=2008-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004221342/http://67.19.222.106/inboxer/video/cellgun.mpg|archive-date=2007-10-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:U.S. manufactured covert firearms.png|U.S. manufactured covert firearms (Clockwise from bottom) 7/8-inch Bolt gun; Flashlight gun; Pen gun (All are .22 caliber); Double barrel .32 caliber key chain gun
File:Maglite zip gun.jpg|Improvised firearm disguised as a flashlight/torch
File:Four-barreled cell phone gun.jpg|Four-shot gun disguised as a [[mobile phone]]
File:Cane gun.jpg|Cane gun
File:Cane gun grip and trigger.jpg|Cane gun grip and trigger close-up
File:Ring gun.jpg|Finger-ring gun
File:Zippo lighter gun.jpg|Zippo lighter gun
File:Cigarette pack gun.jpg|[[Marlboro (cigarette)|Marlboro]] filter [[cigarette pack]] gun
</gallery>

===Submachine guns===
Homemade [[submachine gun]]s are often made by copying existing designs, or by adapting simple, [[Open bolt|open-bolt]] actions and leveraging commonly available hardware store parts.<ref name=danaocity/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.thehomegunsmith.com/pdf/Expedient-Homemade-Firearms-Vol-II-PA-Luty.pdf|title=Expedient Homemade Firearms|author=P. A. Luty|isbn=978-0-87364-983-4|year=1998|publisher=Paladin Press|access-date=2016-04-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307231719/http://thehomegunsmith.com/pdf/Expedient-Homemade-Firearms-Vol-II-PA-Luty.pdf|archive-date= March 7, 2023}}</ref>

The [[Błyskawica submachine gun|''Błyskawica'']] (Polish for ''lightning'') was a [[submachine gun]] produced by the [[Armia Krajowa]], or Home Army, a Polish [[resistance movement]] fighting the [[Germany|Germans]] in [[History of Poland (1939-1945)|occupied Poland]]. Together with a Polish version of the [[Sten]] sub-machine gun, with which it shares some design elements, it was the only weapon mass-produced covertly in occupied Europe during World War II.

The ''[[Bechowiec]]'' (also known as the ''Bechowiec-1'') was a Polish [[World War II]] [[submachine gun]] developed and produced by the underground [[Bataliony Chłopskie]] (BCh, ''Peasants' Battalions'') resistance organisation. It was designed in 1943 by [[Henryk Strąpoć]] and was  produced in underground facilities in the area of [[Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski]]. Its name was coined after the Bataliony Chłopskie organization members who were informally called ''bechowiec'' (plural: ''bechowcy'').

The ''[[Borz]]'' (''Борз'', [[Chechen language|Chechen]] for "[[Chechen wolf|wolf]]") [[submachine gun]] is one of a number of [[improvised firearms]] produced in [[Chechnya]]. It was produced in small numbers from 1992 to 1999. It was used primarily by Chechen separatists. It is named after the Borz (wolf) because of its position as Chechnya's [[national animal]].

The [[Carlo (submachine gun)|''Carlo'']] (also referred to as ''Carl Gustav'') is a [[submachine gun]] manufactured by small workshops in the [[West Bank]]. The design has been inspired by the Swedish [[Carl Gustav m/45]] and its Egyptian ''Port Said'' variant; however, the similarity is often only passing. Produced in several locations and often with second-hand gun parts, the specifications are not uniform. Typically the weapon is [[Automatic firearm|automatic]]. Often chambered for 9mm Parabellum pistol cartridges, variants for .22 LR, .32 ACP, 9mm Makarov, and 5.56 NATO are also produced. The weapon itself is cheap to manufacture but is inaccurate and prone to jamming and misfires.<ref>[https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/03/carlo-homemade-rifle-attacks-palestinians-shin-bet.html Meet the Carlo], Al-Monitor, Shlomi Eldar, 17 March 2016 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207133409/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2016/03/carlo-homemade-rifle-attacks-palestinians-shin-bet.html|date=2022-12-07 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.newsweek.com/homemade-carlo-gun-becoming-weapon-choice-palestinian-attackers-468813 Homemade ‘Carlo’ gun becoming weapon of choice for Palestinian attackers], Newsweek, Jack Moore, 6 November 2016 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705190638/https://www.newsweek.com/homemade-carlo-gun-becoming-weapon-choice-palestinian-attackers-468813|date=2022-07-05}}</ref><ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/say-hello-to-carlo-the-cheap-lethal-go-to-gun-for-terrorists/ Say hello to ‘Carlo,’ the cheap, lethal go-to gun for terrorists], Times of Israel, Judah Ari Gross, 16 March 2016 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230035041/https://www.timesofisrael.com/say-hello-to-carlo-the-cheap-lethal-go-to-gun-for-terrorists/|date=2022-12-30}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/14/homemade-guns-carl-gustav-used-in-palestinian-attacks-on-israelis Homemade guns used in Palestinian attacks on Israelis], Guardian, 14 March 2016 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323172709/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/14/homemade-guns-carl-gustav-used-in-palestinian-attacks-on-israelis/|date=2023-03-23}}</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/10/cheap-but-lethal-the-makeshift-gun-used-by-palestinian-shooters/ Cheap but lethal: the makeshift gun used by Palestinian shooters in Tel Aviv terror attack], Telegraph, Raf Sanchez, 10 June 2016 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323172656/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/10/cheap-but-lethal-the-makeshift-gun-used-by-palestinian-shooters/|date=2023-03-23}}</ref><ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21696515-angry-palestinians-are-turning-home-made-guns-deadly-diy The West Bank: Deadly DIY], The Economist, 7 April 2016 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901052129/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2016/04/07/deadly-diy/|date=2022-09-01}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Błyskawica machine gun in Warsaw Uprising Museum.jpg|Homemade Błyskawica submachine gun in Warsaw Uprising
File:Submachine gun Bechowiec.jpg|Homemade Bechowiec submachine gun in Warsaw Uprising
File:Evstafiev-chechnya-tank-helmet.jpg|A Chechen fighter holds up his homemade Borz submachine gun during the battle for Grozny, January 1995
File:Palestinian Weapons Exposed During Operation Brother’s Keeper (14256572019).jpg|Three homemade Carlo submachine guns
</gallery>

===Liberators===
The [[FP-45 Liberator]] and the [[Deer gun]] were crude zip gun-like [[single-shot]] [[pistol|pistols]] or [[derringer|derringers]] manufactured by the United States government for use by resistance forces in occupied territories, during [[World War II]] and the [[Vietnam War]], respectively.

[[Image:FP-45 Liberator.jpg|thumb|FP-45 Liberator (Zip Gun)]]
The FP-45 was designed to be cheaply and quickly [[mass production|mass-produced]]. It had just 23 largely stamped and turned [[steel]] parts that were cheap and easy to manufacture. It fired the [[.45 ACP]] pistol [[cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]] from an [[rifling|unrifled]] barrel and five rounds of .45 ACP ammunition could be stored in the pistol grip.  Due to this limitation, it was intended for short range use, {{convert|1|-|4|yd|m|abbr=out}}. Its maximum effective range was only about {{convert|25|ft|m|abbr=on}}. At longer range, the bullet would begin to tumble and stray off course. The original delivered cost for the FP-45 was USD$2.10/unit, lending it the nickname "Woolworth pistol".<ref name="Thompson2011">{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Leroy|title=The Colt 1911 Pistol|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61PDCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT87|date=3 May 2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-84908-836-7|page=87}}</ref>

[[File:TYT1-T-F2-H.jpg|thumb|left|Deer gun (or Zip Gun)]]
The Deer gun fired the [[9mm Parabellum]] pistol cartridge. It was made of cast [[aluminium]], with the [[Receiver (firearms)|receiver]] formed into a cylinder at the top of the weapon. The [[Firing pin|striker]] protruded from the rear of the receiver and was cocked in order to fire, and a [[plastic]] clip was placed there to prevent an accidental discharge, as the Deer gun had no mechanical [[Safety (firearms)|safety]]. The grip had raised checkering, was hollow, and had space for three 9mm Parabellum rounds and a rod for clearing the barrel of spent cases. The Deer gun lacked any marking identifying manufacturer or user, in order to prevent tracing of the weapons, and all were delivered in unmarked [[polystyrene]] boxes with three 9mm Parabellum rounds and a series of pictures depicting the operation of the gun.  A groove ran down a ramp on top for sighting. The barrel unscrewed for loading and removing the empty casing. A cocking knob was pulled until cocked. The aluminium trigger had no trigger guard.

===3D printed firearms===
[[File:Liberator.3d.gun.vv.01.jpg|thumb|The '[[Liberator (gun)|Liberator]]' is a 3D-printable single shot handgun, the first such printable firearm design made widely available online]]
{{main|3D printed firearms}}

In 2012, the U.S.-based group [[Defense Distributed]] disclosed plans to design a working plastic [[gun]] that could be downloaded and reproduced by anybody with a [[3D printer]].<ref name="f20120823">{{cite news|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|title='Wiki Weapon Project' Aims To Create A Gun Anyone Can 3D-Print At Home|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2012/08/23/wiki-weapon-project-aims-to-create-a-gun-anyone-can-3d-print-at-home/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308184032/https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2012/08/23/wiki-weapon-project-aims-to-create-a-gun-anyone-can-3d-print-at-home/?sh=4ae67a823860|archive-date=March 8, 2023|access-date=August 27, 2012|newspaper=[[Forbes]]|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref><ref name="pcm20120824">{{cite news|last=Poeter|first=Damon|title=Could a 'Printable Gun' Change the World?|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2408899,00.asp|access-date=August 27, 2012|newspaper=PC Magazine|date=August 24, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816053955/https://www.pcmag.com/archive/could-a-printable-gun-change-the-world-301934|archive-date=August 16, 2022}}</ref> The [[Liberator (gun)|Liberator]] is a [[wikt:physible|physible]], [[3D printing|3D-printable]] single shot [[handgun]], the first such printable [[firearm]] design made widely available online.<ref>{{cite news|title=US government orders removal of Defcad 3D-gun designs|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-22478310|work=BBC News|date=10 May 2013|access-date=13 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031111133/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-22478310|archive-date=October 31, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Biggs|first=John|title=What You Need To Know About The Liberator 3D-Printed Pistol|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/05/06/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-liberator-3d-printed-pistol/|work=TechCrunch|access-date=13 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803054318/http://techcrunch.com/2013/05/06/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-liberator-3d-printed-pistol/|archive-date=August 3, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hutchinson|first=Lee|title=The first entirely 3D-printed handgun is here|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/05/the-first-entirely-3d-printed-handgun-is-here/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226043549/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/05/the-first-entirely-3d-printed-handgun-is-here/|archive-date=December 26, 2022|work=Ars Technica|date=3 May 2013|access-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> The [[open source]] firm Defense Distributed designed the gun and released the plans on the Internet on May 6, 2013. The plans were downloaded over 100,000 times in the two days before the [[United States Department of State]] demanded that Defense Distributed retract the plans, deeming them a violation of the [[Arms Export Control Act]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/news/blueprints-for-3-d-printer-gun-pulled-off-website/nXnbG/ |title=Blueprints for 3-D printer gun pulled off website |publisher=www.statesman.com |access-date=2013-11-10 |archive-date=2013-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205658/http://www.statesman.com/news/news/blueprints-for-3-d-printer-gun-pulled-off-website/nXnbG/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harvardlawreview.org/2017/04/defense-distributed-v-united-states-department-of-state/|title=Defense Distributed v. United States Department of State|website=harvardlawreview.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823104830/https://harvardlawreview.org/2017/04/defense-distributed-v-united-states-department-of-state/|archive-date=August 23, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|title=3D-Printed Gun's Blueprints Downloaded 100,000 Times In Two Days (With Some Help From Kim Dotcom)|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/05/08/3d-printed-guns-blueprints-downloaded-100000-times-in-two-days-with-some-help-from-kim-dotcom/|work=Forbes|access-date=13 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801122839/http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/05/08/3d-printed-guns-blueprints-downloaded-100000-times-in-two-days-with-some-help-from-kim-dotcom/|archive-date=August 1, 2013}}</ref> In 2015, Defense Distributed founder Cody Wilson sued the United States government on free speech grounds and in 2018 the Department of Justice settled, acknowledging Wilson's right to publish instructions for the production of 3D-printed firearms.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reason.com/volokh/2018/07/10/us-government-drops-prohibition-on-files|title=US government drops prohibition on files for 3D printed arms|last=Kopel|first=David|date=2018-07-10|work=Reason.com|access-date=2018-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713004953/http://reason.com/volokh/2018/07/10/us-government-drops-prohibition-on-files|archive-date=2018-07-13|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/a-landmark-legal-shift-opens-pandoras-box-for-diy-guns/|title=A Landmark Legal Shift Opens Pandora's Box for DIY Guns|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|date=2018-07-10|work=Wired.com|access-date=2018-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710175551/https://www.wired.com/story/a-landmark-legal-shift-opens-pandoras-box-for-diy-guns/|archive-date=2018-07-10|url-status=live|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:The Solid Concepts 3D printed 1911 pistol.jpg|thumb|left|The Solid Concepts 3D printed 1911 pistol]]

Defense Distributed has also designed a 3D printable [[AR-15]] type rifle lower receiver (capable of lasting more than 650 rounds) and a variety of magazines, including for the AK-47.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/03/download-this-gun-3d-printed-semi-automatic-fires-over-600-rounds/|title="Download this gun": 3D-printed semi-automatic fires over 600 rounds|author=Farivar, Cyrus|work=Ars Technica|date=March 1, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926131710/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/03/download-this-gun-3d-printed-semi-automatic-fires-over-600-rounds/|archive-date=September 26, 2022}}</ref> In 2013 a California company, [[Solid Concepts]], demonstrated a [[Solid Concepts 1911 DMLS|3D printed version]] of an [[M1911 pistol]] made of metal, using an industrial 3D printer.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gross|first=Doug|title=Texas company makes metal gun with 3-D printer|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/08/tech/innovation/3d-printed-metal-gun/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927050517/https://www.cnn.com/2013/11/08/tech/innovation/3d-printed-metal-gun/index.html|archive-date=September 27, 2022|publisher=CNN|access-date=9 November 2013|date=2013-11-09}}</ref>

==Around the world==
In the United States, creating an improvised firearm for personal use does not require [[licensure]], registration, a [[National Instant Criminal Background Check System|background check]], or the [[Ghost gun|stamping of a serial number]], but the firearm created must be detectable by a metal detector per federal law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atf.gov/firearms/qa/does-individual-need-license-make-firearm-personal-use|title=Does an individual need a license to make a firearm for personal use? {{!}} Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|website=www.atf.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322235922/https://www.atf.gov/firearms/qa/does-individual-need-license-make-firearm-personal-use|archive-date=March 22, 2023}}</ref><ref name=giffords>{{cite web |title=Ghost Guns |url=https://lawcenter.giffords.org/gun-laws/policy-areas/hardware-ammunition/ghost-guns/ |website=Giffords Law Center |access-date=25 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315184741/https://giffords.org/lawcenter/gun-laws/policy-areas/hardware-ammunition/ghost-guns/|archive-date=March 15, 2023}}</ref> California, however, passed a law in 2016 that requires anyone planning to build a homemade gun to obtain a serial number from the state (''de facto'' registration) and pass a background check.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-california-ghostguns/california-governor-signs-bill-to-require-registration-of-ghost-guns-idUSKCN1022MB|title=California governor signs bill to require registration of 'ghost guns'|date=2016-07-23|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830104609/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-california-ghostguns/california-governor-signs-bill-to-require-registration-of-ghost-guns-idUSKCN1022MB|archive-date=August 30, 2022}}</ref> However, such firearms are often illegal in other jurisdictions and are commonly associated with gangs, where they may be used to facilitate violent crime, such as homicide.<ref name=purgatory/> In other cases, they may be used for other criminal activities not necessarily related to violent crime, such as illegal hunting of game.<ref name=backfire/> Improvised firearms are most commonly encountered in regions with restrictive [[gun control]] laws.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} While popular in the United States in the 1950s, the "zip gun" has become less common.

[[Image:Khyberpassrifles.jpg|thumb|Copies of British [[Martini–Henry|Martini]] and Snider firearms built in the Khyber region]]
A [[Khyber Pass copy]] is a firearm manufactured by cottage gunsmiths in the [[Khyber Pass]] region between [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]]. The area has long had a reputation for producing unlicensed, homemade copies of firearms using whatever materials are available{{Snd}}more often than not, railway rails, scrap motor vehicles, and other [[Scrap|scrap metal]]. The quality of such firearms varies widely, ranging from as good as a factory-produced example to dangerously poor. Much of the gunsmithing is centered around the town of [[Darra Adam Khel]].

In [[India]], use of improvised country-made [[pistol]]s is widespread, especially in the regions of [[Bihar]] and [[Purvanchal]]. The manufacture of these weapons has become a [[cottage industry]], and the components are often manufactured from scrap material; examples include [[gun barrel]]s fashioned from [[truck]] steering columns.

In areas like [[South Africa]], improvised firearms are more common. In a study of [[Zululand District Municipality]], [[South Africa]], it was found that most improvised firearms were crude, [[gauge (bore diameter)|12-gauge]] shotguns, with a simple pull-and-release firing mechanism; like [[.22 rimfire]] cartridges, [[shotgun shell]]s operate at low pressures, making them more suited for use in weak, improvised barrels.<ref name=dimaio/>

Even in the absence of commercially available ammunition, homemade [[black powder]] weapons can be used; such firearms were the subject of a crackdown in the [[People's Republic of China]] in 2008.<ref name=backfire/> In many areas of Africa, such as [[Zimbabwe]], poachers use improvised [[musket]]s and shotguns loaded with black powder stolen from mines.<ref>{{cite web|last1=McCollum|first1=Ian|title=Confiscated Homemade Poachers' Guns from Zimbabwe|publisher=[[Forgotten Weapons]]|language=en|format=video|date=May 12, 2020|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQG1bHugZRA|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524231827/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQG1bHugZRA|archive-date=May 24, 2023|website=youtube.com|access-date=May 24, 2023|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

The city of [[Danao, Cebu|Danao]] in [[Cebu]], Philippines, has been making improvised firearms so long that the makers have become legitimate, and are manufacturing firearms for sale. The Danao makers manufacture .38 and .45 caliber [[revolver]]s, and [[Semi-automatic firearm|semi-automatic]] copies of the [[MAC-10|Ingram MAC-10]] and [[Intratec TEC-DC9]].<ref name=danaocity/>

In 2004, an "underground weapons factory" was seized in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]], yielding among other things a number of [[suppressor|silenced]] copies of the [[Owen submachine gun]], suspected to have been built for sale to local [[Gangs in Australia|gangs]] involved in the [[illegal drug trade]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/07/22/1090464799535.html|title=Submachine-guns found in weapons factory|author=Brendan Nicholson, Daniel Ziffer|date=July 23, 2004|location=Melbourne|work=The Age|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404065019/https://www.theage.com.au/national/submachine-guns-found-in-weapons-factory-20040723-gdybb7.html|archive-date=April 4, 2022}}</ref>

Improvised firearms have also been used in [[Russia]],<ref name="Zip Guns in Russia">{{Cite web|url=https://englishrussia.com/2007/06/04/chechen-self-made-weapons/|title=Chechen Self-Made Weapons|date=June 4, 2007|website=English Russia|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627053704/https://englishrussia.com/2007/06/04/chechen-self-made-weapons/|archive-date=June 27, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Guns seized in Russia">{{cite news|url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE0D7143BF934A25752C0A963958260|title=Seized Guns in Russia|work=The New York Times|first= Alessandra|last=Stanley|date=January 17, 1995|access-date=May 5, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805015823/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/17/world/russian-guns-pound-deeper-in-chechen-capital.html|archive-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref> where they have been used in domestic homicides and [[terrorism]].

Improvised firearms were used by the perpetrator of the [[Halle synagogue shooting]]; the homemade shotgun and "Luty" submachine gun repeatedly malfunctioned. The attacker, an [[antisemitic]] [[neo-Nazi]] terrorist, said while [[livestream]]ing the attack, "I have certainly managed to prove how absurd improvised weapons are."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/10/halle-attack-homemade-guns-jammed-repeatedly-video-shows|title=Germany's Jewish leaders condemn police response to Halle attack |website=www.theguardian.com|date=10 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013055359/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/10/halle-attack-homemade-guns-jammed-repeatedly-video-shows|archive-date=October 13, 2022}}</ref>

In Italy, Naples, Caivano, multiple illegal weapons by the notorious [[Camorra]] were found during a raid, among them was a homemade 22-caliber gun, 400 homemade shells (likely for another gun such as a [[lupara]], another type of gun that is often homemade), a homemade [[suppressor]], and a pen gun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it/napoli/cronaca/17_febbraio_04/camorra-arsenale-napoletano-trovati-kalashnikov-pen-gun-5bacd0de-eabb-11e6-b7b7-da53aefd2762.shtml|title = Camorra, arsenale nel Napoletano: Trovati kalashnikov e una "pen gun"|date = 2 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328054731/https://napoli.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/17_febbraio_04/camorra-arsenale-napoletano-trovati-kalashnikov-pen-gun-5bacd0de-eabb-11e6-b7b7-da53aefd2762.shtml|archive-date= March 28, 2023|trans-title=Camorra Arsenal Discovered in the Neapolitan Region: Kalashnikovs and one pen gun}}</ref>

In Japan, an improvised shotgun was used in the [[assassination of Shinzo Abe]], former prime minister of Japan, on 8 July 2022.<ref name="reuters">{{Cite news|last=Kim|first=Chang-Ran|date=June 7, 2022 |title=Shinzo Abe shot while making election speech in Japan |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/japan-ex-prime-minister-abe-may-have-been-shot-taken-hospital-nhk-2022-07-08/ |access-date=8 July 2022 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708041916/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/japan-ex-prime-minister-abe-may-have-been-shot-taken-hospital-nhk-2022-07-08/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Philip Luty]]
*[[Improvised explosive device]]
*[[Improvised artillery in the Syrian civil war]]
*[[Barrack buster]]s 
* [[Mortar (weapon)#Improvised|Improvised mortars]]
*[[Improvised weapon]]
*[[Technical (vehicle)]]
*[[Narco tank]]
*[[Insurgency weapon]]
*[[Marble gun]]
*[[Privately made firearm]]
*[[TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*Trub, J. David (1993) ''Zips, Pipes, And Pens: Arsenal Of Improvised Weapons'' [[Paladin Press]]. {{ISBN|0-87364-702-5}}
*Anonymous (1983) ''Improvised Weapons of the American Underground'' Desert Publications.  {{ISBN|0-87947-110-7}}
*Luty, P. A. (1998) ''Expedient Homemade Firearms : The 9mm Submachine Gun'' Paladin Press. ''https://archive.org/details/Expedient_Homemade_Firearms_9mm_Submachine_Gun_P_A_Luty_Paladin_Press/page/n3 {{ISBN|0-87364-983-4}}
*Brown, Ronald (1999) ''Homemade Guns & Homemade Ammo'' Breakout Productions.  {{ISBN|1-893626-11-3}}
*McLean, Don (1992) ''Do-It-Yourself Gunpowder Cookbook''  Paladin Press.  {{ISBN|0-87364-675-4}}
*Hollenback, George (1996) ''Workbench Silencers: The Art Of Improvised Designs'' Paladin Press.  {{ISBN|0-87364-895-1}}
*Métral, Gérard (1985) ''Do-It-Yourself Submachine Gun'' Paladin Press.  {{ISBN|0-87364-840-4}}
*Milosevic, Marko (2012) ''Prepravljeno i ručno pravljeno oružje [Converted and Improvised weapons]''http://www.bezbednost.org/upload/document/rucno_pravljeno_oruzje.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226191258/http://www.bezbednost.org/upload/document/rucno_pravljeno_oruzje.pdf |date=2015-02-26 }}, BCSP. {{ISBN|978-86-6237-018-1}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Improvised firearms}}
*[http://www.ctmuzzleloaders.com/ctml_experiments/breechml/breechml.html DIY flintlock pistol] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230519000739/http://www.ctmuzzleloaders.com/ctml_experiments/breechml/breechml.html Archive])
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TMrunbZLJw Improvised & Craft-Built Firearms] ([https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/0TMrunbZLJw Archive])

{{Improvised firearms}}
{{Firearms}}

[[Category:Firearm construction]]
[[Category:Homemade firearms]]
[[Category:Improvised weapons]]
[[Category:Insurgency weapons]]