Brontekst bekijken van Improvised explosive device

{{Short description|Unconventionally produced bomb}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Globalize|article|date=April 2022}}
{{Weasel words|date=May 2023}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
[[File:IED Baghdad from munitions.jpg|thumb|[[Ammunition]] rigged for an IED discovered in [[Baghdad]] by the [[Iraqi Police]] during November of 2005]]
[[File:Cougar Hit By IED.jpg|thumb|A U.S. [[Cougar (MRAP)|Cougar]] which was struck by an approximately {{cvt|90|–|136|kg}} directed charge IED during the [[Anbar campaign (2003–2011)|Anbar campaign]]. The crew of the MRAP survived uninjured due to the vehicle's multiple blast protection features.]]
{{terrorism}}

An '''improvised explosive device''' ('''IED''') is a [[bomb]] constructed and deployed in ways other than in [[conventional warfare|conventional]] military action. It may be constructed of conventional military explosives, such as an [[artillery]] shell, attached to a detonating mechanism. IEDs are commonly used as '''roadside bombs''', or '''homemade bombs'''. 

The term "IED" was coined by the [[British Army]] during the [[Northern Ireland conflict]] to refer to [[booby trap]]s made by the [[Irish Republican Army|IRA]], and entered common use in the U.S. during the [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=van Rij |first1=Armida |last2=Bryce |first2=Hannah |last3=Wilkinson |first3=Benedict |last4=Vining |first4=Maxine |title=Defining the device: The need for international humanitarian standards for improvised explosive device disposal |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/policy-institute/assets/defining-the-device.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128101427/https://www.kcl.ac.uk/policy-institute/assets/defining-the-device.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 |website=kcl.ac.uk |publisher=[[King's College London]] |date=April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IEDS – Learning from History |url=http://www.defenceindustryreports.com/ieds_learning_from_history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213011444/http://www.defenceindustryreports.com/ieds_learning_from_history.html |archive-date=13 February 2011 |publisher=Defence Industry Reports |date=2009}}</ref>

IEDs are generally utilized in [[terrorist]] operations or in [[asymmetric warfare|asymmetric]] [[unconventional warfare]] or [[urban warfare]] by [[insurgent]] [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]]s or [[commando]] forces in a [[theater (warfare)|theatre of operations]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singer |first=Peter W. |date=7 February 2012 |title=The Evolution of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-evolution-of-improvised-explosive-devices-ieds/ |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Manglik|first=Rohit|title=ESIC STENO PHASE – I 2020 {{!}} 12 Full Length Mock Test}}</ref> In the Iraq War (2003–2011), [[Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)|insurgents]] used IEDs extensively against U.S.-led forces, and by the end of 2007, IEDs were responsible for approximately 63% of [[Multi-National Force – Iraq|coalition]] deaths in Iraq.<ref name="icasualties" /> They were also used in Afghanistan by insurgent groups, and caused over 66% of [[Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom|coalition]] casualties in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|2001–2021 Afghanistan War]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Joseph|first=Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Nw0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT3484|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives|date=15 June 2016|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9781483359915|quote=Explosives accounted for over two thirds of the casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan, mostly caused by IEDs.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Combs|first=Cynthia C.|title=Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=2017|isbn=9781317206798|language=en|quote=More than two thirds of combat deaths in Iraq by 2007 were caused by IEDs.}}</ref>

IEDs were also used frequently by the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) in [[Sri Lanka]] during the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/srilanka/globalthreat.html |title=Suicide Terrorism: A Global Threat |publisher=Pbs.org |access-date=18 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231193536/https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/srilanka/globalthreat.html|archive-date=December 31, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/13/stories/2006041304711500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060414141621/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/13/stories/2006041304711500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 April 2006 |title=13 killed in blasts, arson in Sri Lanka |date=13 April 2006 |access-date=18 October 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> and by [[Ambazonia]]n separatists in the ongoing [[Anglophone Crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon Says Separatists Relaunch Attacks, IED Use After Death of Self Proclaimed General |date=3 February 2023 |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/cameroon-says-separatists-re-launch-attacks-ied-use-after-death-of-self-proclaimed-general/6946344.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327221049/https://www.voanews.com/a/cameroon-says-separatists-re-launch-attacks-ied-use-after-death-of-self-proclaimed-general/6946344.html|archive-date=March 27, 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03 |publisher=Voice of America |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Background==
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2020}}
[[File:IED_-_pipebomb.png|thumb|X-ray of a suitcase showing a pipe bomb and a laptop]]

An IED is a [[bomb]] fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, [[pyrotechnic]], or [[incendiary device|incendiary]] [[chemical industry|chemicals]] and designed to destroy or incapacitate personnel or vehicles. In some cases, IEDs are used to distract, disrupt, or delay an opposing force, facilitating another type of attack.<ref name="AAP-6">{{cite book | title = NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions (AAP-6) | year = 2010 | publisher = [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] | url = http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/doctrine/other/aap6.pdf | pages = 2–1–2 | access-date = 28 November 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151017194022/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/doctrine/other/aap6.pdf | archive-date = 17 October 2015 | url-status = dead }}</ref> IEDs may incorporate military or commercially sourced explosives, and often combine both types, or they may otherwise be made with homemade explosives (HME).{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}} An HME lab refers to a Homemade Explosive Lab, or the physical location where the devices are crafted.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

An IED has five components: a switch (activator), an initiator (fuse), container (body), charge (explosive), and a power source (battery). An IED designed for use against armoured targets such as personnel carriers or tanks will be designed for armour penetration, by using a [[shaped charge]] that creates an [[explosively formed penetrator]].  IEDs are extremely diverse in design and may contain many types of initiators, detonators, penetrators, and explosive loads.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Antipersonnel IEDs typically also contain fragmentation-generating objects such as nails, ball bearings or even small rocks to cause wounds at greater distances than blast pressure alone could.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}} In the conflicts of the 21st century, anti-personnel improvised explosive devices (IED) have partially replaced conventional or military [[landmines]] as the source of injury to dismounted (pedestrian) soldiers and civilians.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}} These injuries were reported in ''[[BMJ Open]]'' to be far worse with IEDs than with [[landmines]] resulting in multiple limb [[amputation]]s and lower body mutilation.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Smith S et al.|date= 2017|title= Injury profile suffered by targets of antipersonnel improvised explosive devices: prospective cohort study|journal= BMJ Open|volume= 7|issue= 7|page= e014697|doi= 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014697|pmc= 5691184|pmid= 28835410}}</ref> This combination of injuries has been given the name "Dismounted Complex Blast Injury" and is thought to be the worst survivable injury ever seen in war.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Cannon JW et al.|date= 2016|title= Dismounted Complex Blast Injuries: A Comprehensive Review of the Modern Combat Experience.|url= http://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515(16)30689-5/fulltext|journal= J Am Coll Surg|volume= 223|issue= 4|pages= 652–664|doi= 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.07.009|pmid= 27481095|access-date= 28 August 2017}}</ref>

IEDs are triggered by various methods, including remote control, infrared or magnetic triggers, pressure-sensitive bars or trip wires (victim-operated). In some cases, multiple IEDs are wired together in a [[daisy chain (electrical engineering)|daisy chain]] to attack a convoy of vehicles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83P4pNkl7C4&t=4s|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405143804/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83P4pNkl7C4&t=4s|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 April 2017|title=Insane IED Daisy Chain Attack in Syria|last=genel bakış|date=30 May 2013|via=YouTube}}</ref> spread out along a roadway.

IEDs made by inexperienced designers or with substandard materials may fail to [[detonation|detonate]], and in some cases, they detonate on either the maker or the placer of the device. Some groups, however, have been known to produce sophisticated devices constructed with components scavenged from conventional [[munition]]s and standard consumer [[electronics]] components, such as mobile phones, [[Family Radio Service|consumer-grade two-way radios]], washing machine timers, pagers, or garage door openers.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}} The sophistication of an IED depends on the training of the designer and the tools and materials available.

IEDs may use artillery shells or conventional [[explosive material|high-explosive]] charges as their explosive load as well as homemade explosives. However, the threat exists that [[Toxicity|toxic]] [[chemical warfare|chemical]], [[biological warfare|biological]], or radioactive ([[dirty bomb]]) material may be added to a device, thereby creating other life-threatening effects beyond the shrapnel, concussive blasts and fire normally associated with bombs. [[Chlorine]] liquid has been [[Chlorine bombings in Iraq|added to IEDs in Iraq]], producing clouds of [[chlorine]] gas.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

A '''[[Car bomb|vehicle-borne IED]]''', or '''VBIED''', is a military term for a [[car bomb]] or truck bomb but can be any type of transportation such as a bicycle, motorcycle, donkey ({{vanchor|DBIED}}<!-- A "Donkey-borne IED?" --><ref>{{citation|title=Afghanistan|series=Country Travel Guide Series|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|first=Paul|last=Clammer|year=2007|page=171|isbn=9781740596428|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjhP76JaVgkC&pg=PA71}}
</ref>), etc. They are typically employed by [[insurgent]]s, in particular [[ISIS]],{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}} and can carry a relatively large payload. They can also be detonated from a remote location. VBIEDs can create additional shrapnel through the destruction of the vehicle itself and use vehicle fuel as an [[incendiary weapon]]. The act of a person's being in this vehicle and detonating it is known as an SVBIED [[Suicide attack|suicide]].

Of increasing popularity among insurgent forces in Iraq is the house-borne IED, or HBIED, from the common military practice of clearing houses; insurgents rig an entire house to detonate and collapse shortly after a clearing squad has entered.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

===By warhead===
The ''Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms'' (JCS Pub 1-02) includes two definitions for improvised devices: improvised explosive devices (IED) and [[improvised nuclear device]] (IND).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf |title=JP 1-02 Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms |access-date=18 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123014953/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2008 }}</ref> These definitions address the ''Nuclear'' and ''Explosive'' in ''CBRNe''. That leaves chemical, biological and radiological undefined. Four definitions have been created to build on the structure of the JCS definition. Terms have been created to standardize the language of first responders and members of the military and to correlate the operational picture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbrneworld.com/images/CBRNe_WORLD.pdf |title=CBRNe World pages |access-date=18 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325102212/http://www.cbrneworld.com/images/CBRNe_WORLD.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009 }}</ref>

====Explosive====
A device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals and designed to destroy, incapacitate, harass, or distract. It may incorporate military stores, but is normally devised from non-military components.<ref name="AAP-6"/>

====Explosively formed penetrator/projectiles (EFPs)====
[[File:Improvised explosive device explosively formed penetrator Iraq.jpg|thumb|upright|Improvised explosive device in Iraq. The [[wiktionary:Concave|concave]] copper shape on top defines an [[explosively formed penetrator]]/projectile.]]

IEDs have been deployed in the form of [[Explosively formed penetrator|explosively formed projectile]]s (EFP), a special type of [[shaped charge]] that is effective at long standoffs from the target (50 meters or more), however they are not accurate at long distances<!-- Contradicting statement? -->.  This is because of how they are produced<!-- Arbitrary information? -->.  The large "slug" projected from the explosion has no stabilization because it has no tail fins and it does not spin like a bullet from a rifle.  Without this stabilization the trajectory can not be accurately determined beyond 50 meters.  An EFP is essentially a cylindrical shaped charge with a machined concave metal disc (often copper) in front, pointed inward. The force of the shaped charge turns the disc into a high velocity slug<!-- Should have been said towards the beginning of this paragraph. -->, capable of penetrating the armor of most vehicles in Iraq<!-- Shouldn't be so specific. Should be generalized. -->.

====Directionally focused charges====
Directionally focused charges (also known as directionally focused fragmentary charges depending on the construction) are very similar to EFPs, with the main difference being that the top plate is usually flat and not concave. It also is not made with machined copper but much cheaper cast or cut metal.<!-- I believe that this should be more general and not be restricted to a specific material. This is for one, a "improvised" device. Regardless it should have a citation. --> When made for fragmentation, the contents of the charge are usually nuts, bolts, ball bearings and other similar shrapnel products and explosive. If it only consists of the flat metal plate, it is known as a platter charge, serving a similar role as an EFP with reduced effect but easier construction.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Superbomb Mystery: The Herrhaussen Assassination|magazine=WIRED}}</ref>

====Chemical====
A device incorporating the toxic attributes of chemical materials designed to result in the dispersal of toxic chemical materials for the purpose of creating a primary patho-physiological toxic effect (morbidity and mortality), or secondary psychological effect (causing fear and [[behavior modification]]) on a larger population. Such devices may be fabricated in a completely improvised manner or may be an improvised modification to an existing weapon.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

====Biological====
A device incorporating biological materials designed to result in the dispersal of vector borne biological material for the purpose of creating a primary patho-physiological toxic effect (morbidity and mortality), or secondary psychological effect (causing fear and behavior modification) on a larger population. 

====Incendiary====
A device making use of exothermic chemical reactions designed to result in the rapid spread of fire for the purpose of creating a primary patho-physiological effect (morbidity and mortality), or secondary psychological effect (causing fear and behavior modification) on a larger population or it may be used with the intent of gaining a tactical advantage. Such devices may be fabricated in a completely improvised manner or may be an improvised modification to an existing weapon. A common type of this is the [[Molotov cocktail]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

====Radiological====
A speculative device incorporating radioactive materials designed to result in the dispersal of radioactive material for the purpose of area denial and economic damage, and/or for the purpose of creating a primary patho-physiological toxic effect (morbidity and mortality), or secondary psychological effect (causing fear and behavior modification) on a larger population. Such devices may be fabricated in a completely improvised manner or may be an improvised modification to an existing nuclear weapon. Also called a Radiological Dispersion Device (RDD) or "[[dirty bomb]]".{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

====Nuclear====
[[Improvised nuclear device]] of most likely [[Gun-type fission weapon|gun-type]] or [[Nuclear weapon design#Implosion-type weapon|implosion-type]].

===By delivery mechanism===

====Car====
{{Main|Car bomb}}
[[File:Iraq carbomb.jpg|thumb|[[Artillery shell]]s and gasoline cans discovered in the back of a pick-up truck in Iraq]]

A vehicle may be laden with explosives, set to explode by remote control or by a passenger/driver, commonly known as a [[car bombs|car bomb]] or vehicle-borne IED (VBIED, pronounced ''vee-bid''). On occasion the driver of the car bomb may have been coerced into delivery of the vehicle under duress, a situation known as a [[proxy bomb]]. Distinguishing features are low-riding vehicles with excessive weight, vehicles with only one passenger, and ones where the interior of the vehicles look as if they have been stripped down and built back up.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Improvised explosive device Background, Counterefforts, Historical Usage |url=https://epapernews.org/en/improvised_explosive_device-2204440660 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109192434/https://epapernews.org/en/improvised_explosive_device-2204440660 |archive-date=January 9, 2022 |access-date=July 27, 2022 |website=EPaperNews}}</ref> Car bombs can carry thousands of pounds of explosives<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-17 |title=ISIS is dropping bombs with drones in Iraq |url=https://www.popsci.com/isis-is-dropping-bombs-with-drones-in-iraq/ |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321051942/https://www.popsci.com/isis-is-dropping-bombs-with-drones-in-iraq/|archive-date=March 21, 2023}}</ref> and may be augmented with [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|shrapnel]] to increase fragmentation.

[[ISIS]] has used truck bombs with devastating effects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IW_F2ntQOcQ| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010122035/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IW_F2ntQOcQ&feature=youtu.be| archive-date=2017-10-10 | url-status=dead|title=Drone View Of New ISIS Car Bombs in the Battle For Mosul|website=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGIiD-uG4oE| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405152710/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGIiD-uG4oE| archive-date=2017-04-05 | url-status=dead|title=ISIS Using Suicide Trucks To Destroy Iraqi Tanks (Mosul Battlefield)|last=Non Mirage Truth Vision|date=22 November 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Havj9wD_-w|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319021541/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Havj9wD_-w|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 March 2017|title=+18 – "Islamic State" jihadists' VBIED attacks – March 2017 – Mosul, Iraq|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

====Boat (WBIED)====
Water-borne Improvised Explosive Devices (WBIED), i.e. boats carrying explosives, can be used against ships and areas connected to water. 

An early example of this type was the Japanese [[Shinyo (suicide boat)|Shinyo]] suicide boats during [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oliver |first=Mark |date=2021-09-04 |title=Inside The Kamikaze, The Last-Ditch Suicide Attacks Of World War 2 Japan |url=https://allthatsinteresting.com/kamikaze-pilots |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=All That's Interesting |language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305074220/https://allthatsinteresting.com/kamikaze-pilots|archive-date=March 5, 2023}}</ref> The boats were filled <!-- Excessive use of the word "laden." Changed to filled. -->with explosives and attempted to ram Allied ships, sometimes successfully, having sunk or severely damaged several American ships by war's end. Suicide bombers used a boat-borne IED to attack the [[USS Cole bombing|USS Cole]]; US and UK troops have also been killed by boat-borne IEDs in Iraq.<ref name="Steinhofer" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6146844.stm |title=UK &#124; Iraq boat attack personnel named |work=BBC News |date=14 November 2006 |access-date=18 October 2009}}</ref> The [[Sea Tigers|Tamil Tigers Sea Tigers]] have also been known to use SWBIEDs during the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]].

WBIEDs have been used in the Red Sea.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.solaceglobal.com/report/water-borne-improvised-explosive-devices-wbied/ | title=Water Borne Improvised Explosive Devices (WBIED)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.maritimeglobalsecurity.org/media/1059/2023-11-24-interim-industry-transit-advice-srs-goa.pdf |title=1 INTERIM INDUSTRY TRANSIT ADVICE, SOUTHERN RED SEA, AND GULF OF ADEN – NOVEMBER 2023 |date=24 November 2023 |website=maritimeglobalsecurity.org |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref>

====Animal====
{{Main|Animal-borne bomb attacks}}

Monkeys and [[war pig]]s were used as incendiaries around 1000 AD.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-15 |title=In Ancient Rome flaming war pigs were used to counter elephants |url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/09/15/ancient-rome-flaming-war-pigs-used-counter-elephants/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=The Vintage News |language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113210217/https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/09/15/ancient-rome-flaming-war-pigs-used-counter-elephants/?firefox=1|archive-date= January 13, 2023}}</ref> More famously the "[[anti-tank dog]]" and "[[bat bomb]]" were developed during World War II. In recent times, a two-year-old child and seven other people were killed by explosives strapped to a horse in the town of Chita in [[Colombia]].<ref name="horsebomb">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3098746.stm |title=Americas &#124; 'Horse bomb' hits Colombia town |work=BBC News |date=11 September 2003 |access-date=18 October 2009}}</ref> The carcasses of certain animals were also used to conceal explosive devices by the [[Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)|Iraqi insurgency]].{{cn|date=June 2023}}

====Collar====
{{Redirect|Collar bomb|the 2021 Indian film|Collar Bomb (film)}}
IEDs strapped to the necks of farmers have been used on at least three occasions by guerrillas in Colombia, as a way of extortion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3036664.stm |title=Americas &#124; Experts defuse necklace bomb |work=BBC News |date=1 July 2003 |access-date=18 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/751237.stm |title=AMERICAS &#124; 'Necklace' bomb halts Colombia talks |work=BBC News |date=16 May 2000 |access-date=18 October 2009}}</ref> American [[pizza delivery]] man [[Brian Douglas Wells]] was killed in 2003 by an explosive fastened to his neck, purportedly under duress from the maker of the bomb.<ref>{{cite journal | first =John | last =Caniglia | date =11 July 2007 | title ="Brian Wells" Erie bombing 'victim' was in on bank robbery | journal =The Plain Dealer | url = http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2007/07/man_forced_to_rob_bank_with_a.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113210233/https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2007/07/man_forced_to_rob_bank_with_a.html|archive-date=January 13, 2023 }}</ref> In 2011 a schoolgirl in Sydney, Australia had a [[Mosman bomb hoax|suspected collar bomb attached to her]] by an attacker in her home. The device was removed by police after a ten-hour operation and proved to be a [[hoax]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/bomb-device-attached-to-mosman-schoolgirl-was-a-very-very-elaborate-hoax-20110804-1icbe.html|title='Bomb' device attached to Mosman schoolgirl was a 'very, very elaborate hoax'|work=smh.com.au|access-date=4 August 2011|date=4 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204111629/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/bomb-device-attached-to-mosman-schoolgirl-was-a-very-very-elaborate-hoax-20110804-1icbe.html|archive-date=February 4, 2023}}</ref>

====Suicide====
[[Suicide bombing]] usually refers to an individual wearing explosives and detonating them to kill others including themselves, the bomber will conceal explosives on and around their person, commonly using a [[suicide belt|vest]], and will use a timer or some other trigger to detonate the explosives. The logic behind such attacks is the belief that an IED delivered by a human has a greater chance of achieving success than any other method of attack. In addition, there is the psychological impact of child soldiers prepared to deliberately sacrifice themselves for their cause.<!-- This comment is not appropriate for this section and should be used in a corresponding section. --><ref name="Hunter" />

====Surgically implanted====
{{Main|Surgically implanted explosive device}}
In May 2012 American [[counter-terrorism]] officials leaked their acquisition of documents describing the preparation and use of surgically implanted improvised explosive devices.<ref name=DailyBeast2012-05-14>
{{cite news
| url         = http://www.thedailybeast.com//content/newsweek/2012/05/13/al-qaeda-s-body-bombs-al-asiri-s-next-threat.html
| title       = Ibrahim al-Asiri: The Body Bomb Menace
| publisher   = [[The Daily Beast]]
| date        = 14 May 2012
| access-date  = 14 May 2012
| quote       = Newsweek has learned that U.S. intelligence officials circulated a secret report that laid out in vivid detail how doctors working for al-Asiri had developed the surgical technique. An American government source familiar with the report described it as 15 to 20 pages, single spaced, and replete with schematics and pictures. "It was almost like something you’d see in Scientific American," the source said.
| author      = Daniel Klaidman, Christopher Dickey
}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20120514050214/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/05/13/al-qaeda-s-body-bombs-al-asiri-s-next-threat.html mirror]</ref><ref name=Boing2012-05-14>
{{cite news
 |url=http://boingboing.net/2012/05/14/youre-the-bomb-surgically.html 
 |title=You da bomb! (surgically-implanted explosives) 
 |publisher=[[Boing boing]] 
 |date=14 May 2012 
 |access-date=14 May 2012 
 |quote=According to Newsweek, US intelligence officials report that al Qaeda's explosives expert Ibrahim al-Asiri and medical doctors have been designing bombs to be surgically implanted into the bodies of suicide bombers. The idea is that the technique would somehow foil airport scanners. Gives a whole new meaning to the phrase, "You da bomb!" 
 |author=David Pescovitz 
 |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517033413/http://boingboing.net/2012/05/14/youre-the-bomb-surgically.html
 |archive-date=17 May 2012
}}</ref><ref name=IBTimes-2012-05-14>{{cite news
 |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/340801/20120514/al-qaida-s-body-bombs-increase-fears.htm 
 |title=Al-Qaida's 'Body Bombs' increase Fears of Global Attacks by Master Bomb-Maker Ibrahim Hassan Tali al-Asiri 
 |work=[[International Business Times]] 
 |date=14 May 2012 
 |access-date=14 May 2012 
 |quote=Experts and intelligence sources say the terrorists could use the powerful explosive pentaerythritol tetranitrate, known as PETN and insert it in the bodies of would-be suicide bombers. According to reports they would then be able to detonate the implanted explosives via injections. The bombs would not be detectable to airport body scanner, increasing risks of attacks similar to the 2011 September attack on the Twin Towers in New York and on the Pentagon. 
 |author=Anissa Haddadi 
 |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610051119/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/340801/20120514/al-qaida-s-body-bombs-increase-fears.htm
 |archive-date=10 June 2012
 }}</ref>
The devices were designed to evade detection.
The devices were described as containing no metal, so they could not be detected by X-rays.

Security officials referred to bombs being surgically implanted into suicide bombers' "[[Abdominal obesity|love handles]]".<ref name=DailyBeast2012-05-14/>

According to the ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' UK security officials at [[Secret Intelligence Service|MI-6]] asserted that female bombers could travel undetected carrying the explosive chemicals in otherwise standard [[breast implant]]s.<ref name=TheMirror2012-05-14>{{cite news
 |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/doctors-trained-to-plant-explosives-inside-832010 
 |title=Breast bombers: Doctors trained to plant explosives inside chest of female suicide bombers 
 |publisher=[[Daily Mirror]] 
 |date=14 May 2012 
 |access-date=14 May 2012 
 |quote=MI6 chiefs believe doctors have been trained to plant explosives inside the breasts of female suicide bombers. 
 |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514085514/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/doctors-trained-to-plant-explosives-inside-832010
 |archive-date=14 May 2012
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| url                  = https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/breast-implants-suicide-bomb-threat-2172911
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819100626/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/breast-implants-suicide-bomb-threat-2172911
|archive-date=August 19, 2013
| title                = Breast implants suicide bomb threat: Heathrow on high alert over "credible" intelligence
| publisher            = [[The Daily Mirror]]
| date                =  16 August 2013
| access-date          =  21 August 2013
| quote               =  Security has been beefed up after intelligence al-Qaeda is plotting attacks on airlines flying out of London.
| last                 = Lines
| first                = Andy
}}</ref> The bomber would blow up the implanted explosives by injecting a chemical trigger.<ref name=IBTimes-2012-05-14/>

====Robot====
Robots could also be used to carry explosives. First such documented case was during the aftermath of [[2016 shooting of Dallas police officers]] when a [[bomb disposal robot]] was used to deliver explosives to kill [[Micah Xavier Johnson]], who was hiding in a place inaccessible to [[police sniper]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jul/08/police-bomb-robot-explosive-killed-suspect-dallas|title=Use of police robot to kill Dallas shooting suspect believed to be first in US history|first=Sam|last=Thielman|date=8 July 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322054909/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jul/08/police-bomb-robot-explosive-killed-suspect-dallas|archive-date= March 22, 2023}}</ref> As well, drones carrying explosives were used in a suspected [[2018 Caracas drone attack|assassination attempt]] against Venezuelan president [[Nicolás Maduro]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/04/americas/venezuela-maduro/index.html|title=Venezuelan President survives apparent drone assassination attempt|first=Marilia|last=Brocchetto|date=5 August 2018|work=[[CNN]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113210208/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/04/americas/venezuela-maduro/index.html|archive-date=January 13, 2023}}</ref>

====Tunnel====
[[ISIS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcbsJtcxvhM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715004120/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcbsJtcxvhM|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2016|title=New tunnel bomb footage from Aleppo|last=Raw Leak|date=4 May 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
and [[Al-Nusra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7y9JNOKNVA| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529185218/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7y9JNOKNVA&gl=US&hl=en| archive-date=2019-05-29 | url-status=dead|title=Al Nusra Tunnel Bomb Collapses Syrian Intelligence Building in Aleppo|last=World Conflict Films|date=5 March 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref> have used bombs detonated in [[Tunnel warfare|tunnels dug under targets]].

====Improvised rocket====
{{Main|Lob bomb}}

In 2008, rocket-propelled IEDs, dubbed ''Improvised Rocket Assisted Munitions'', ''Improvised Rocket Assisted Mortars'' and ''(IRAM)'' by the military, came to be employed in numbers against U.S. forces in Iraq. They have been described as [[propane]] tanks packed with explosives and powered by [[Type 63 multiple rocket launcher|107 mm rockets]].<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Troops in Iraq Face A Powerful New Weapon: Use of Rocket-Propelled Bombs Spreads|first=Ernesto|last=Londoño|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=10 July 2008|page=A01|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/09/AR2008070902396_pf.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905213849/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/09/AR2008070902396_pf.html|archive-date=September 5, 2008}}</ref> They are similar to some Provisional IRA [[barrack buster]] mortars.
New types of IRAMs including Volcano IRAM<ref name="Volcano Rocket Syria">{{cite web|url=http://syriadirect.org/news/a-new-type-of-volcano-rocket-spotted-in-idlib/|title=A new type of Volcano rocket spotted in Idlib|website=Syria Direct|date=4 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113210236/https://syriadirect.org/a-new-type-of-volcano-rocket-spotted-in-idlib/|archive-date=January 13, 2023}}</ref> and Elephant Rockets,<ref name="World Conflict Films">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1KxHpuRycU4| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506021922/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1KxHpuRycU4| archive-date=2016-05-06 | url-status=dead|title=Syrian Army Elephant Rockets Used Against Rebels|last=World Conflict Films|date=15 May 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/syria-douma-elephant-rockets-150617011324100.html|title='Elephant rockets' kill dozens in Damascus suburb|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701175641/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/6/18/elephant-rockets-kill-dozens-in-damascus-suburb|archive-date=July 1, 2022}}</ref> are used during the Syrian Civil War.<ref name="Volcano Rocket Syria"/>

==== Improvised mortar ====
Improvised mortars have been used by many insurgent groups including during the civil war in Syria and [[Boko Haram]] insurgency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wEEovjWZZk| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529185223/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wEEovjWZZk&gl=US&hl=en| archive-date=2019-05-29 | url-status=dead|title=Syria: Innovations for freedom #3 more DIY trebuchets, pipe weapons and vehicles|last=lisa ann|date=4 May 2013|via=YouTube}}</ref> IRA used improvised mortars called [[barrack buster]]s.

Improvised artillery including ''[[hell cannon]]s'' are used by rebel forces during Syrian Civil War.

===By trigger mechanism===

====Wire====
Command-wire improvised, explosive devices (CWIED) use an electrical firing cable that affords the user complete control over the device right up until the moment of initiation.<ref name="Hunter">{{cite book | last = Hunter | first = Major Chris | title = Eight Lives Down | publisher = Corgi Books | year = 2008 | location = London | isbn = 978-0-552-15571-7}}</ref>

====Radio====
The trigger for a [[Radio control|radio-controlled]] improvised explosive device (RCIED) is controlled by radio link. The device is constructed so that the receiver is connected to an electrical firing circuit and the transmitter operated by the perpetrator at a distance. A signal from the transmitter causes the receiver to trigger a firing pulse that operates the switch. Usually the switch fires an initiator; however, the output may also be used to remotely arm an explosive circuit. Often the transmitter and receiver operate on a matched [[Selective calling|coding system]] that prevents the RCIED from being initiated by spurious radio frequency signals or [[Radio jamming|jamming]].<ref name="Hunter" /> An RCIED can be triggered from any number of different radio-frequency based mechanisms including [[Radio-controlled model|handheld remote control transmitters]], car alarms, wireless door bells, cell phones, [[pager]]s and [[Personal radio service|portable two-way radios]], including those designed for the UHF [[PMR446]], [[Family Radio Service|FRS]], and [[General Mobile Radio Service|GMRS]] services.<ref name="Hunter" />

====Mobile phone====
A radio-controlled IED (RCIED) incorporating a mobile phone that is modified and connected to an electrical firing circuit. Mobile phones operate in the UHF band in line of sight with [[base transceiver station]] (BTS) antennae sites. In the common scenario, receipt of a paging signal by phone is sufficient to initiate the IED firing circuit.<ref name="Hunter" />

====Victim-operated====
Victim-operated improvised explosive devices (VOIED), also known as [[booby trap]]s, are designed to function upon contact with a victim. VOIED switches are often well hidden from the victim or disguised as innocuous everyday objects. They are operated by means of movement. Switching methods include tripwire, pressure mats, spring-loaded release, push, pull or tilt. Common forms of VOIED include the under-vehicle IED (UVIED), improvised [[landmine]]s, and [[Letter bomb|mail bombs]].<ref name="Hunter" />

====Infrared====
The British accused Iran and [[Hezbollah]] of teaching Iraqi fighters to use [[infrared]] light beams to trigger IEDs. As the occupation forces became more sophisticated in interrupting radio signals around their convoys, the insurgents adapted their triggering methods.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2007/June/BombMakingSkills.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814021913/http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2007/June/BombMakingSkills.htm|url-status=dead|title=Bomb Making Skills Spread Globally |work=National Defense |date=June 2007|archive-date=14 August 2007}}</ref> In some cases, when a more advanced method was disrupted, the insurgents regressed to using uninterruptible means, such as hard wires from the IED to detonator; however, this method is much harder to effectively conceal. It later emerged however, that these "advanced" IEDs were actually old [[Provisional IRA|IRA]] technology. The infrared beam method was perfected by the IRA in the early 1990s after it acquired the technology from a botched undercover British Army operation. Many of the IEDs being used against the invading coalition forces in [[Iraq]] were originally developed by the British Army who unintentionally passed the information on to the IRA.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/ulster/article320004.ece | title=Revealed: IRA bombs killed eight British soldiers in Iraq |work=The Independent | date=16 October 2005 | access-date=18 October 2009 | location=London | first1=Greg | last1=Harkin | first2=Francis | last2=Elliott | first3=Raymond | last3=Whitaker | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709005403/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/ulster/article320004.ece | archive-date=9 July 2008 }}</ref> The IRA taught their techniques to the Palestine Liberation Organisation and the knowledge spread to Iraq.<ref>{{cite news |first=Kevin |last=Myers |url=http://www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/the-death-of-the-tank-took-place-around-crossmaglen-2131116.html |title=Kevin Myers: The death of the tank took place around Crossmaglen |department=Opinion |work=The Independent |date=9 April 2010 |access-date=11 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003322/https://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/kevin-myers/kevin-myers-the-death-of-the-tank-took-place-around-crossmaglen-26648094.html|archive-date=May 6, 2022}}</ref>

==Counterefforts==
[[File:IED detonator.jpg|thumb|A U.S. Marine in Iraq shown with a [[robot]] used for disposal of buried devices]]
[[File:IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg|thumb|Israeli [[IDF Caterpillar D9]] [[armored bulldozer]], which is used by the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] [[Israeli Engineering Corps|Combat Engineering Corps]] for clearing heavy [[belly charge]]s and [[booby trap|booby-trapped]] buildings.]]
{{Main|Counter-IED efforts|Counter-IED equipment}}
Counter-IED efforts are done primarily by military, law enforcement, diplomatic, financial, and intelligence communities and involve a comprehensive approach to countering the threat networks that employ IEDs, not just efforts to defeat the devices themselves.

===Detection and disarmament===
Because the components of these devices are being used in a manner not intended by their manufacturer, and because the method of producing the explosion is limited only by the science and imagination of the perpetrator, it is not possible to follow a step-by-step guide to detect and disarm a device that an individual has only recently developed. As such, [[bomb disposal|explosive ordnance disposal]] (IEDD) operators must be able to fall back on their extensive knowledge of the first principles of [[explosives]] and [[ammunition]], to try and deduce what the perpetrator has done, and only then to [[render safe procedure|render it safe]] and dispose of or exploit the device.

Beyond this, as the stakes increase and IEDs are emplaced not only to achieve the direct effect, but to deliberately target IEDD operators and cordon personnel, the IEDD operator needs to have a deep understanding of tactics to ensure they are neither setting up any of their team or the cordon troops for an attack, nor walking into one themselves. The presence of [[chemical warfare|chemical]], [[biological warfare|biological]], [[radioactivity|radiological]], or [[radioactivity|nuclear]] ([[CBRN]]) material in an IED requires additional precautions. As with other missions, the EOD operator provides the area commander with an assessment of the situation and of support needed to complete the mission.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Military and law enforcement personnel from around the world have developed a number of [[render safe procedure|render-safe procedure]]s (RSPs) to deal with IEDs.  RSPs may be developed as a result of direct experience with devices or by applied research designed to counter the threat. The supposed effectiveness of IED jamming systems, including vehicle- and [[Thor III|personally-mounted]] systems, has caused IED technology to essentially regress to command-wire detonation methods.{{cn|date=June 2023}} These are physical connections between the detonator and explosive device and cannot be jammed. However, these types of IEDs are more difficult to emplace quickly, and are more readily detected.

Military forces and law enforcement from India, Canada, United Kingdom, Israel, Spain, and the United States are at the forefront of counter-IED efforts, as all have direct experience in dealing with IEDs used against them in conflict or terrorist attacks. From the research and development side, programs such as the new Canadian Unmanned Systems Challenge will bring student groups together to invent an unmanned device to both locate IEDs and pinpoint the insurgents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unlimitedmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=504&ed=15&cat=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619215341/http://www.unlimitedmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=504&ed=15&cat=14 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 June 2017 |title=Messenger, Scott (2009-03-01). "The Unmanned Mission". Retrieved on 2009-03-26 |publisher=Unlimitedmagazine.com |access-date=18 October 2009}}</ref>

==Historical use==
The [[Fougasse (weapon)|fougasse]] was improvised for centuries, eventually inspiring factory-made [[land mine]]s. [[Ernst Jünger]] mentions in his war memoir the systematic use of IEDs and [[booby trap]]s to cover the retreat of German troops at the [[Somme (department)|Somme]] region during [[World War I]]. Another early example of coordinated large-scale use of IEDs was the [[Operation Bagration#Operations Rail War and Concert|Belarusian Rail War]] launched by Belarusian guerrillas against the Germans during [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web
  | last = State Archival Service
  | title = Historical background
  | work = World War Two
  | publisher = [[Republic of Belarus]], Ministry of Justice, Department of Archives and Records Management
  | url = https://www.archives.gov.by/eng/index.php?id=104476
  |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201131051/http://www.archives.gov.by/eng/index.php?id=104476
  |archive-date= February 1, 2009
  | access-date = 4 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
  | title = Belarus during the Great Patriotic War
  | work = History
  | publisher = belarus.by
  | url = http://www.belarus.by/en/belarus/history/11/index3.php
  |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207050738/http://www.belarus.by/en/belarus/history/11/index3.php
  |archive-date= February 7, 2008
  | access-date = 4 December 2008}}</ref> Both command-detonated and delayed-fuse IEDs were used to derail thousands of German trains during 1943–1944.<ref>{{cite book
  | last = Stockfish
  | first = David
  |author2=Yariv Eldar |author3=Daniella HarPaz Mechnikov
   | title = Dokszyc-Parafianow Memorial Book&nbsp;– Belarus (Sefer Dokshitz-Parafianov)
  | publisher = Association of Former Residents of Dokszyce-Parafianow in Israel
  | year = 1970
  | location = [[Tel Aviv]]
  | page = 274
  | url = http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/dokshitsy/dok274.html
  |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003318/https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/dokshitsy/dok274.html
  |archive-date=May 6, 2022
  }}</ref>

===Afghanistan===
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2009}}
[[File:3rd Battalion 3rd Marines controlled detonation.jpg|thumb|alt=Marines beside a mud wall as an explosion goes off behind it|U.S. Marines with Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) destroy an improvised explosive device cache in southern [[Afghanistan]] in June 2010.]]

Starting six months before the [[Soviet–Afghan War|invasion]] of Afghanistan by the [[USSR]] on 27 December 1979, the Afghan [[Mujahideen]] were supplied by the CIA, among others, with large quantities of military supplies. Among those supplies were many types of [[anti-tank mine]]s. The insurgents often removed the explosives from several foreign anti-tank mines, and combined the explosives in tin cooking-oil cans for a more powerful blast. By combining the explosives from several mines and placing them in tin cans, the insurgents made them more powerful, but sometimes also easier to detect by Soviet sappers using [[mine detector]]s. After an IED was detonated, the insurgents often used direct-fire weapons such as machine guns and rocket-propelled grenades to continue the attack.

Afghan insurgents operating far from the border with Pakistan did not have a ready supply of foreign anti-tank mines. They preferred to make IEDs from Soviet unexploded ordnance. The devices were rarely triggered by pressure fuses. They were almost always remotely detonated. Since the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|2001 invasion of Afghanistan]], the [[Taliban]] and its supporters have used IEDs against [[NATO]] and Afghan military and civilian vehicles. This has become the most common method of attack against NATO forces, with IED attacks increasing consistently year on year.

A brigade commander said that [[sniffer dogs]] are the most reliable way of detecting IEDs.<ref>{{cite news|last=Johnson |first=Andrew |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/taliban-make-undetectable-bombs-out-of-wood-1863353.html |title=Taliban make 'undetectable' bombs out of wood |work=Independent |date=10 January 2010 |access-date=11 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003313/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/taliban-make-undetectable-bombs-out-of-wood-1863353.html|archive-date=May 6, 2022}}</ref> However, statistical evidence gathered by the US Army Maneuver Support Center at Fort Leonard Wood, MO shows that the dogs are not the most effective means of detecting IEDs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loofe |first=Cpl. Jenna |date=2022-03-16 |title=Military working dogs participate in C-IED Training |url=https://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/580560/military-working-dogs-participate-in-c-ied-training/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marines.mil%2FNews%2FNews-Display%2FArticle%2F580560%2Fmilitary-working-dogs-participate-in-c-ied-training%2F |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727175420/https://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/580560/military-working-dogs-participate-in-c-ied-training/ |archive-date=July 27, 2022 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=United States Marine Corps Flagship |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahlgrimm |first=Perry |date=2016-05-27 |title=Military Protection Dogs Save Lives By Sniffing Out IEDs In War-Torn Areas |url=https://ccprotectiondogs.com/military-protection-dogs-save-lives-by-sniffing-out-ieds-in-war-torn-areas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723190325/https://ccprotectiondogs.com/military-protection-dogs-save-lives-by-sniffing-out-ieds-in-war-torn-areas/ |archive-date=23 July 2021 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=[[CC Protection Dogs]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deluca |first=Asheleigh N. |date=November 9, 2014 |title=Billions Have Been Spent on Technology to Find IEDs, but Dogs Still Do It Better |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/141107-war-dogs-military-hero-ied-animals-american-veterans-day |url-access=registration |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310165647/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/141107-war-dogs-military-hero-ied-animals-american-veterans-day |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=July 27, 2022 |website=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> The U.S. Army's 10th Mountain Division was the first unit to introduce explosive detection dogs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patriotdog.com/bomb-dog-services.html|title=Reliable Explosives Detection Dogs – Patriot K-9|access-date=29 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929154853/http://www.patriotdog.com/bomb-dog-services.html|archive-date=29 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> in southern Afghanistan. In less than two years the dogs discovered 15 tons of illegal munitions, IED's, and weapons.<ref>government contract GSO7F-5391P</ref>

In July 2012 it was reported that "sticky bombs", magnetically adhesive IED's that were prevalent in the [[Iraq War]], showed up in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/middle-east/afghanistan/sticky-bombs-like-those-used-in-iraq-now-appearing-in-afghanistan-1.183623|title=Sticky bombs, like those used in Iraq, now appearing in Afghanistan|work=Stars and Stripes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804095019/https://www.stripes.com/theaters/middle_east/sticky-bombs-like-those-used-in-iraq-now-appearing-in-afghanistan-1.183623|archive-date=August 4, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2012/07/23/Sticky-bombs-showing-up-in-Afghanistan/UPI-78641343049102/|title=Sticky bombs showing up in Afghanistan|publisher=UPI|date=23 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003318/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2012/07/23/Sticky-bombs-showing-up-in-Afghanistan/UPI-78641343049102/|archive-date= May 6, 2022}}</ref> By 2021 there was at least one sticky bomb attack a day in Kabul. They are used in both traditional assassinations and targeted killings and as terror weapons against the population at large.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gannon |first1=Kathy |title=Sticky Bombs Latest Weapon in Afghanistan's Arsenal of War |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/03/sticky-bombs-latest-weapon-in-afghanistans-arsenal-of-war/ |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=29 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704094542/https://thediplomat.com/2021/03/sticky-bombs-latest-weapon-in-afghanistans-arsenal-of-war/|archive-date=July 4, 2022}}</ref>

In November 2013 one of the largest IEDs constructed was intercepted near Gardez City in Eastern Afghanistan.  The 61,000 pounds of explosives was hidden under what appeared to be piles of wood.  By comparison, the truck bomb that all but razed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City and killed 168 people in 1995 weighed less than 5,000 pounds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Afghan forces discover truck loaded with 61,000 pounds of explosives |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2013/11/13/Afghan-forces-discover-truck-loaded-with-61000-pounds-of-explosives/55271384375944/ |publisher=UPI |access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref> A [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] officer assigned to the nearby FOB Lightning analyzed the potential blast damage, which resulted in closing FOB Goode due to its proximity to the highway.<ref name="Kemper">{{cite journal |last1=Kemper |first1=Bart |title=Blast Modeling for Facility Security Management |journal=International Society of Explosives Engineers |date=January 2019 |volume=Proceedings of the 45th Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Techniques |pages=477–486 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330741964}}</ref>

ISAF troops stationed in Afghanistan and other IED prone areas of operation would commonly "BIP" (blow in place) IED's and other explosives that were considered too dangerous to defuse.

===Egypt===
IEDs are being used by insurgents against government forces during the [[insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://carnegie-mec.org/2015/10/21/egypt-s-escalating-islamist-insurgency-pub-61683|title=Egypt's Escalating Islamist Insurgency|first=Mokhtar|last=Awad|first2=Mostafa|last2=Hashem|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208233729/https://carnegie-mec.org/2015/10/21/egypt-s-escalating-islamist-insurgency-pub-61683|archive-date=December 8, 2022}}</ref> and the [[Sinai insurgency]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-security-sinai/ten-egyptian-troops-killed-by-bombs-during-sinai-fighting-spokesman-idUSKBN16U0YR|title=A dozen Egyptian security personnel killed in Sinai fighting|date=23 March 2017|newspaper=Reuters|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003313/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-security-sinai/ten-egyptian-troops-killed-by-bombs-during-sinai-fighting-spokesman-idUSKBN16U0YR|archive-date=May 6, 2022}}</ref>

===India===
IEDs are increasingly being used by [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoists]] in India.{{When|date=August 2021}}<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last=Sethi |first=Aman |date=4 April 2010 |title=Troop fatality figures show changing Maoist strategy |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article388033.ece |access-date=July 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011232621/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article388033.ece |archive-date=October 11, 2011}}</ref>

On 13 July 2011, three IEDs were used by the [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]] to carry out a [[2011 Mumbai bombings|coordinated attack on the city of Mumbai]], killing 19 people and injuring 130 more.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-blasts-in-mumbai-21-dead-over-140-injured-119083|title=Three blasts in Mumbai, 18 dead, over 130 injured|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=17 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902103515/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-blasts-in-mumbai-21-dead-over-140-injured-119083|archive-date= September 2, 2011}}</ref><ref name="DD News">{{cite web|url=http://www.ddinews.gov.in/National/National+-+Headlines/Death+toll+in+Mumbai.htm|title=Blasts: ATS claims good leads, suicide bomber ruled out|publisher=[[DD News]]|access-date=17 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717024108/http://www.ddinews.gov.in/National/National+-+Headlines/Death+toll+in+Mumbai.htm|archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref>

On 21 February 2013, two IEDs were used to carry out [[2013 Hyderabad blasts|bombings in the Indian city of Hyderabad]]. The bombs exploded in Dilsukhnagar, a crowded shopping area of the city, within 150 metres of each other.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_hyderabad-blasts-indian-mujahideen-suspected-ammonium-nitrate-found-on-site_1803037|title=Hyderabad blasts: Indian Mujahideen suspected, ammonium nitrate found on site – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=22 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225104123/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_hyderabad-blasts-indian-mujahideen-suspected-ammonium-nitrate-found-on-site_1803037|archive-date=February 25, 2013}}</ref>

On 17 April 2013, two kilos of explosives used in Bangalore bomb blast at Malleshwaram area, leaving 16 injured and no fatalities. Intelligence sources have said the bomb was an Improvised Explosive Device or IED.<ref>{{cite news|last=NDTV|first=NDTV|title=Bangalore blast: Two kilos of explosives used, say police; CCTV footage offers clues|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/bangalore-blast-two-kilos-of-explosives-used-say-police-cctv-footage-offers-clues-355318|access-date=17 April 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=17 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812235734/https://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/bangalore-blast-improvised-explosive-device-used-say-sources-519366|archive-date=August 12, 2022}}</ref>

On 21 May 2014, Indinthakarai village supporters of the [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]] were targeted by opponents using over half a dozen crude "country-made bombs". It was further reported that there had been at least four similar bombings in [[Tamil Nadu]] during the preceding year.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sudipto Mondal|title=Explosions at village near Kudankulam plant: Reports|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bombs-go-off-at-village-near-kudankulam-nuclear-plant-reports-/article1-1221664.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523002413/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bombs-go-off-at-village-near-kudankulam-nuclear-plant-reports-/article1-1221664.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2014|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref>

On 28 December 2014, a minor explosion took place near the Coconut Grove restaurant at Church Street in [[Bangalore]] on Sunday around 8:30&nbsp;pm. One woman was killed and another injured in the blast.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minor explosion at Church Street in Bengaluru|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/450319/minor-explosion-church-street-bengaluru.html|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=28 December 2014|access-date=29 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622033542/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/450319/minor-explosion-church-street-bengaluru.html|archive-date=June 22, 2015}}</ref>

During the [[2016 Pathankot attack]], several casualties came from IEDs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/pathankot-attack-ied-explodes-during-combing-ops-3-more-personnel-die/20160103.htm|title=Pathankot operation continues; 2 terrorists still holed up – Rediff.com India News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234309/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/pathankot-attack-ied-explodes-during-combing-ops-3-more-personnel-die/20160103.htm|archive-date=April 5, 2016}}</ref>

On 14 February 2019 in [[2019 Pulwama attack]], several casualties were reported due to IED blast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/twelve-crpf-jawans-injured-in-ied-blast-in-j-k-1456037-2019-02-14|title=Pulwama terror attack: Suicide bomber drives SUV packed with 300 kg explosives into CRPF bus, 44 men martyred – indiatoday.in|date=14 February 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303082024/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/twelve-crpf-jawans-injured-in-ied-blast-in-j-k-1456037-2019-02-14|archive-date=March 3, 2023}}</ref>

On 29 October 2023, a series of IED explosions were used to kill 2 attendees at a [[2023 Kerala bombing|Jehovah's Witnesses Convention]] in Kalamassery, India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2023-10-29 |title=Bomb blasts kill three, injure 41 worshippers at Jehovah's Witnesses convention in Kerala's Kalamassery |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/people-killed-several-injured-in-explosion-at-a-convention-centre-in-kalamassery/article67472535.ece |access-date=2023-10-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Iraq===
[[File:Size0-army mil-44434-2009-07-10-090719.jpg|thumb|A [[Stryker]] lies on its side following a buried IED blast in [[Iraq]]. (2007)]]
In the 2003–2011 [[Iraq War]], IEDs have been used extensively against [[Coalition force]]s and by the end of 2007 they have been responsible for at least 64% of Coalition deaths in Iraq.<ref name="icasualties" />

Since the detonation of the first IED in Iraq in 2003, more than 81,000 IED attacks have occurred in the country, killing and wounding 21,200 Americans.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=phqpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT578|title=Handbook of Defence Politics: International and Comparative Perspectives|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=2011|isbn=9781136639470|pages=578}}</ref>

Beginning in July 2003, the [[Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)|Iraqi insurgency]] used IEDs to target invading coalition vehicles. According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 64% of U.S. deaths in Iraq occurred due to IEDs.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Washington Post |date=30 September 2007 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2007/09/28/GR2007092802161.html |title=More Attacks, Mounting Casualties |access-date=18 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331143436/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2007/09/28/GR2007092802161.html|archive-date=March 31, 2014}}</ref> A French study<ref name="Steinhofer">Jean-Pierre Steinhoffer :  " Irak :  les pertes de la Coalition par EEI ", in ''le Casoar'' January 2007.</ref> showed that in Iraq, from March 2003 to November 2006, on a global {{formatnum:3070}} deaths in the US-led invading coalition soldiers, {{formatnum:1257}} were caused by IEDs, i.e. 41%. That is to say more than in the "normal fights" (1027 dead, 34%). Insurgents now{{When|date=August 2021}} use the bombs to target not only invading coalition vehicles but Iraqi police as well.

Common locations for placing these bombs on the ground include animal [[Carrion|carcasses]], [[soft drink can]]s, and [[box]]es.  Typically, they explode underneath or to the side of the vehicle to cause the maximum amount of damage. However, as [[vehicle armour]] was improved on military vehicles, insurgents began placing IEDs in elevated positions such as on [[traffic sign|road signs]], utility poles, or trees, to hit less protected areas.

IEDs in Iraq may be made with [[artillery]] or [[mortar (weapon)|mortar]] [[projectile|shell]]s or with varying amounts of bulk or homemade [[explosive]]s.  Early during the Iraq war, the bulk explosives were often obtained from stored munitions bunkers to include stripping landmines of their explosives.

Despite the increased [[armor]], IEDs are killing military personnel and civilians with greater frequency. May 2007 was the deadliest month for IED attacks thus far, with a reported 89 of the 129 invading coalition casualties coming from an IED attack.<ref name="icasualties">{{Cite web|url=http://icasualties.org/oif/IED.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113201909/http://icasualties.org/oif/IED.aspx|url-status=dead|title=iCasualties: OIF – Deaths by IED<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=13 January 2009}}</ref> According to the Pentagon, 250,000 tons (out of 650,000 tons total) of Iraqi heavy ordnance were looted, providing a large supply of ammunition for the insurgents.

In October 2005, the UK government charged that [[Iran]] was supplying insurgents with the technological know-how to make [[shaped charge]] IEDs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4312516.stm |title=Middle East &#124; Iran 'behind attacks on British' |work=BBC News |date=5 October 2005 |access-date=18 October 2009}}</ref> Both Iranian and Iraqi government officials denied the allegations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4315924.stm |title=Middle East &#124; Blair warns Iran over Iraq bombs |work=BBC News |date=6 October 2005 |access-date=18 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nyjtimes.com/cover/11-11-05/IranWarnedNotToMeddle.htm |title=British Official Warns Iran Not to Meddle in Iraq |publisher=Nyjtimes.com |date=8 June 2004 |access-date=18 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108232100/http://nyjtimes.com/cover/11-11-05/IranWarnedNotToMeddle.htm |archive-date=8 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During the [[Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)]], [[ISIL]] has made extensive use of suicide [[VBIED]]s, often driven by children, elderly and disabled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/news/a19555/why-isis-is-building-mad-max-truck-bombs/|title=Why ISIS Is Building Mad Max Truck Bombs|date=23 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102141411/https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/news/a19555/why-isis-is-building-mad-max-truck-bombs/|archive-date=November 2, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qasioun.net/en/news/show/53297/ISIS_Forcing_Children_and_Disabled_People_to_Drive_VBIEDs,_Says_Isler|title=ISIS Forcing Children and Disabled People to Drive VBIEDs, Says Isler – Qasion News Agency|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018080957/http://www.qasioun.net/en/news/show/53297/ISIS_Forcing_Children_and_Disabled_People_to_Drive_VBIEDs,_Says_Isler|archive-date=October 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defensetech.org/2014/10/30/isis-releases-photos-of-militants-using-u-s-m113s-as-vbieds/|title=ISIS Releases Photos of Militants Using U.S. M113s as VBIEDS – Defensetech|date=30 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105134019/http://defensetech.org/2014/10/30/isis-releases-photos-of-militants-using-u-s-m113s-as-vbieds/|archive-date=November 5, 2014}}</ref>

On August 27, 2023, Israeli security forces successfully foiled an attempt to smuggle Iranian-made explosives into Israel from Jordan. The thwarted smuggling operation in the Jordan Valley aimed to supply terror groups in the West Bank with explosives. Counter-smuggling efforts along the border have led to increased seizures of weapons and explosive devices.<ref>{{Cite news |last= Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=2023-08-27  |title= Israel says it foiled bid to smuggle Iran-made explosives over Jordan border |language=en |work= The Times of Israel |url= https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-says-it-foiled-bid-to-smuggle-iran-made-explosives-over-jordan-border/  |access-date=2023-08-31}}</ref>

=== Ireland and the United Kingdom ===
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2020}}[[File:Home-made explosives packed in oil drums being dealt with by EOD Operator. MOD 45159058.jpg|thumb|left|Oil-drum roadside IED removed from culvert in 1984]]
[[File:Wheelbarrow bomb disposal device being operated by a team from 321 EOD MOD 45159057.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wheelbarrow (robot)|Wheelbarrow]] counter-IED robot on streets of Northern Ireland in 1978]]
From 1912-1913, the [[Suffragettes]] utilised IEDs in the [[Suffragette bombing and arson campaign]].

Throughout [[the Troubles]], the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] made extensive use of IEDs in their [[Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign|1969–97 campaign]], much of which were made in the [[Republic of Ireland]].<ref name="BVGEF">{{citation|url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/republic-ireland-played-integral-role-supporting-ira-says-historian-988519|title=Republic of Ireland played integral role in supporting IRA, says historian|date=5 April 2019|publisher=[[News Letter]]}}</ref><ref name="NRG">{{cite news|title=Support in Republic during Troubles 'key for IRA', book claims|url=https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2019/04/06/news/headline-1591367/|author=John Manley|date=6 April 2019|publisher=[[The Irish News]]}}</ref> They used [[barrack buster]] mortars and remote-controlled IEDs. Members of the IRA developed and counter-developed devices and tactics. IRA bombs became highly sophisticated, featuring [[anti-handling device]]s such as a [[mercury switch|mercury tilt switch]] or [[microswitch]]es. These devices would [[detonate]] the bomb if it was moved in any way. Typically, the safety-arming device used was a clockwork [[Memopark timer]], which armed the bomb up to 60 minutes after it was placed<ref>Parry, Gareth; Pallister, David. ''Timer clue to Brighton bombing'', ''[[The Guardian]]''; 10 May 10, 1986</ref> by completing an electrical circuit supplying power to the anti-handling device. Depending on the particular design (e.g., [[boobytrap]]ped [[briefcase]] or [[car bomb]]) an independent electrical circuit supplied power to a conventional timer set for the intended time delay, e.g. 40 minutes. However, some electronic delays developed by IRA technicians could be set to accurately detonate a bomb weeks after it was hidden, which is what happened in the [[Brighton hotel bombing|Brighton hotel bomb attack]] of 1984. Initially, bombs were detonated either by timer or by simple command wire. Later, bombs could be detonated by radio control. Initially, simple servos from [[radio-controlled aircraft]] were used to close the electrical circuit and supply power to the detonator. After the British developed jammers, IRA technicians introduced devices that required a sequence of [[Selective calling|pulsed radio codes]] to arm and detonate them. These were harder to jam.

The IRA as well as [[Ulster loyalism|Ulster loyalist]] paramilitaries have also utilized less sophisticated devices, such as homemade grenades crudely thrown at the target.  These are sometimes called "blast bombs".<ref>Examples:<!-- Replace with actual definition, this is just usage-->{{ubl|[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/3739803.stm UVF 'behind blast bomb'], ''[[BBC News]]'', 23 May 2004.|{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/4968359/Frank-OReilly-the-catholic-RUC-officer-killed-by-loyalists-in-1998.html|title = Frank O'Reilly, the catholic RUC officer killed by loyalists in 1998 |work=The Telegraph |date=11 March 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319134441/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/4968359/Frank-OReilly-the-catholic-RUC-officer-killed-by-loyalists-in-1998.html|archive-date=March 19, 2023}}|[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/2760481.stm Blast bomb defused at police station], ''[[BBC News]]'', 14 February 2003}}</ref>

Roadside bombs were extensively used by the IRA. Typically, a roadside bomb was placed in a drain or culvert along a rural road and detonated by remote control when British security forces vehicles were passing, as with the case of the 1979 [[Warrenpoint ambush]]. As a result of the use of these bombs, the British military stopped transport by road in areas such as South Armagh, and used [[helicopter]] transport instead to avoid the danger.

Most IEDs used commercial or homemade explosives made in the Republic of Ireland, with ingredients such as [[gelignite]] and [[ANFO]] either stolen in construction sites or provided for by supporters in the South,<ref>{{cite book|author=Gearóid Ó Faoleán|title=A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1980|date=April 23, 2019|page=54|publisher=Merrion Press|isbn=978-1-7853-7245-2}}</ref><ref name="BVGEF"/><ref name="NRG"/> although the use of [[Semtex]]-H smuggled in from [[Libya]] in the 1980s was also common from the mid-1980s onward. [[Bomb Disposal]] teams from [[321 EOD]] manned by [[Ammunition Technicians]] were deployed in those areas to deal with the IED threat. The IRA also used secondary devices to catch British reinforcements sent in after an initial blast as occurred in the [[Warrenpoint Ambush]]. Between 1970 and 2005, the IRA detonated 19,000 IEDs in the Northern Ireland and Britain, an average of one every 17 hours for three and a half decades, arguably making it "the biggest terrorist bombing campaign in history".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digital.ipcprintservices.com/display_article.php?id=177490|title=IRA TECHNOLOGY|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506161615/http://digital.ipcprintservices.com/display_article.php?id=177490|archive-date=May 6, 2016}}</ref> 

In the early 1970s, at the height of the IRA campaign, the [[British Army]] unit tasked with rendering safe IEDs, 321 EOD, sustained significant casualties while engaged in bomb disposal operations. This mortality rate was far higher than other high risk occupations such as deep sea diving, and a careful review was made of how men were selected for [[Explosive Ordnance Disposal|EOD]] operations. The review recommended bringing in [[psychometric]] testing of soldiers to ensure those chosen had the correct mental preparation for high risk bomb disposal duties.

The IRA came up with ever more sophisticated designs and deployments of IEDs. [[Booby Trap]] or Victim Operated IEDs (VOIEDs), became commonplace. The IRA engaged in an ongoing battle to gain the upper hand in electronic warfare with remote controlled devices. The rapid changes in development led 321 EOD to employ specialists from [[Defence Evaluation and Research Agency|DERA]] (now [[Dstl]], an agency of the MOD), the [[Royal Signals]], and [[Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)|Military Intelligence]]. This approach by the British army to fighting the IRA in Northern Ireland led to the development and use of most of the modern weapons, equipment and techniques now used by EOD Operators throughout the rest of the world today.

The [[bomb disposal]] operations were led by [[Ammunition Technician]]s and [[Ammunition Technical Officer]]s from 321 EOD, and were trained at the [[Felix Centre]] at the [[Army School of Ammunition]].

===Israel===
IEDs have been used in many attacks by Palestinian militants and continue to be used in recent attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Palestinian/Pages/Wave-of-terror-October-2015.aspx |title=Wave of terror (October 2015) |access-date=29 April 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501151935/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Palestinian/Pages/Wave-of-terror-October-2015.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Lebanon===
The [[Lebanese National Resistance Front]], the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]], other resistance groups in Lebanon, and later [[Hezbollah]], made extensive use of IEDs to resist Israeli forces after Israel's invasion of Lebanon in 1982. Israel withdrew from Beirut, Northern Lebanon, and Mount Lebanon in 1985, whilst maintaining its occupation of Southern Lebanon. Hezbollah frequently used IEDs to attack Israeli military forces in this area up until the Israeli withdrawal, and the end of the invasion of Lebanon in May 2000.

One such bomb killed Israeli [[Brigadier General]] Erez Gerstein<ref>{{cite book|title=The Essence of Longing: General Erez Gerstein and the War in Lebanon|publisher=Miskal&nbsp;– Yedioth Ahronoth Books and Chemed Books|date=May 2007|first=Ehud|last=Eiran|language=he}}</ref> on 28 February 1999, the highest-ranking Israeli to die in Lebanon since [[Yekutiel Adam]]'s death in 1982.

Also in the [[2006 Lebanon War|2006 War in Lebanon]], a [[Merkava]] Mark II [[tank]] was hit by a pre-positioned [[Hezbollah]] IED, killing all 4 [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] servicemen on board,<ref>{{cite journal  | last = Arkin  | first = William M.  | author-link = William Arkin  | title = Divine Victory for Whom? Airpower in the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah War  | journal = Strategic Studies Quarterly  | volume = Winter 2007  | page = 9  | publisher = [[United States Air Force]] [[Air Education and Training Command]] [[Air University (United States)|Air University]]  | location = [[Maxwell Air Force Base]], [[Alabama]]  | date = August 2007  | url = http://www.maxwell.af.mil/au/ssq/2007/Winter/arkin.pdf  | access-date = 3 December 2008 }} {{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> the first of two IEDs to damage a Merkava tank.

===Libya===
Homemade IEDs are used extensively during the [[post-civil war violence in Libya]], mostly in the city of Benghazi against police stations, cars or foreign embassies.<ref>[http://libya.usembassy.gov/em_060612.html IED Attack in Benghazi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235640/http://libya.usembassy.gov/em_060612.html |date=3 March 2016 }} Embassy of the United States, Tripoli-Libya, 6 June 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/10/01/uk-experts-help-with-libya-with-ied-detection/ UK experts help Libya with IED detection] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506004827/https://www.libyaherald.com/2012/10/uk-experts-help-with-libya-with-ied-detection/|date=May 6, 2022}} [[Libya Herald]], 1 October 2012</ref><ref>[http://tavernkeepers.com/ied-explodes-in-front-of-benghazi-police-station-injures-3/ IED explodes in front of Benghazi police station, injures 3] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105131405/http://tavernkeepers.com/ied-explodes-in-front-of-benghazi-police-station-injures-3/ |date=5 January 2016 }} Tavernkeepers.com, 5 November 2012</ref>

===Nepal===
IEDs were also widely used in the 10-years long civil war of the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) (1994)|Maoists]] in [[Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal|Nepal]], ranging from those bought from illicit groups in India and China, to self-made devices. Typically used devices were [[pressure cooker bomb]]s, socket bombs, pipe bombs, bucket bombs, etc. The devices were used more for the act of terrorizing the urban population rather than for fatal causes, placed in front of governmental offices, street corners or road sides. Mainly, the home-made IEDs were responsible for destruction of majority of structures targeted by the Maoists and assisted greatly in spreading terror among the public.

===Nigeria===
[[Boko Haram]] are using IEDs during their insurgency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punchng.com/boko-haram-ied-kills-three-soldiers-in-borno/|title=Boko Haram IED kills three soldiers in Borno|date=21 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516131251/https://punchng.com/boko-haram-ied-kills-three-soldiers-in-borno/|archive-date=May 16, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201612140678.html|title=Nigeria: Boko Haram IED Kills Another Lieutenant Colonel|first=Ibrahim|last=Sawab|date=14 December 2016|via=AllAfrica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/843917-just-boko-haram-kills-four-people-buhari-marks-one-year-office.html|title=Just In: Boko Haram kills four people as Buhari marks one year in office|first=Jasmine|last=Buari|date=29 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518130138/https://www.naij.com/843917-just-boko-haram-kills-four-people-buhari-marks-one-year-office.html|archive-date=May 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201703240502.html|title=Nigeria: Troops Destroy Boko Haram IED factory, Rescue 4 Women, 6 Children|date=24 March 2017|via=AllAfrica}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
[[Taliban]] and other insurgent groups use IEDs against police, military, security forces, and civilian targets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aoav.org.uk/2016/pakistan-ieds-law-overview/|title=Pakistan, IEDs and the law: an overview – AOAV|date=5 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523120646/https://aoav.org.uk/2016/pakistan-ieds-law-overview/|archive-date=May 23, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1282616|title=Why IEDs are weapon of choice for militants in KP|first=Salman|last=Yousafzai|date=7 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924223505/https://www.dawn.com/news/1282616|archive-date=September 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/usaedition/2011-10-03-ied-pakistan-story_ST_U.htm|title=Majority of IEDs are traced to Pakistan - USATODAY.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003311/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/usaedition/2011-10-03-ied-pakistan-story_ST_U.htm|archive-date=May 6, 2022}}</ref>

=== Russia ===
IEDs have also been popular in [[Chechnya]], where Russian forces were engaged in fighting with rebel elements.  While no concrete statistics are available on this matter, bombs have accounted for many Russian deaths in both the [[First Chechen War]] (1994–1996) and the [[Second Chechen War|Second]] (1999–2009).

=== Somalia ===
[[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al Shabaab]] is using IEDs during the [[Somali Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/03/08/kdf-soldier-killed-five-injured-in-al-shabaab-attack-near-kenya-somali_c1520559|title=KDF soldier killed, five injured in al Shabaab attack near Kenya-Somali border|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422033335/http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/03/08/kdf-soldier-killed-five-injured-in-al-shabaab-attack-near-kenya-somali_c1520559|archive-date=April 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxqlX5KY0Qc| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817211319/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxqlX5KY0Qc| archive-date=2017-08-17 | url-status=dead|title=AMISOM Calls for Support against Al Shabab's IEDs|last=NBS TV Uganda|date=3 September 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://idalenews.com/archives/69651|title=Bomb hits AMISOM convoy near Leego district – idalenews.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422034735/http://idalenews.com/archives/69651|archive-date=April 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://somaliafocus.com/somalia-huge-blast-targets-amisom-convoy-two-dead/|title=Somalia: Huge Blast Targets Amisom Convoy, Two Dead|date=23 July 2016|access-date=14 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018080959/http://somaliafocus.com/somalia-huge-blast-targets-amisom-convoy-two-dead/|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Syria ===
[[File:ISIL IEDs.jpg|thumb|right|Captured IEDs from a cache left behind by the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]], Syria, 26 January 2019.]]
During the [[Syrian Civil War]], militant insurgents were using IEDs to attack buses, cars, trucks, tanks and military convoys.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83P4pNkl7C4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328010754/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83P4pNkl7C4|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2015|title=YouTube|website=youtube.com}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221212011945/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/18/syrian-military-defectors-damascus-blasts Syrian security forces set off Damascus bombs blamed on al-Qaida – defectors] Guardian, 18 May 2012</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.antiwar.com/2012/07/24/syrian-rebels-now-using-ieds-like-in-afghan-quagmire/|title=Like Afghan Counterparts, Syrian Rebels Now Using IEDs|date=25 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126083438/https://news.antiwar.com/2012/07/24/syrian-rebels-now-using-ieds-like-in-afghan-quagmire/|archive-date=November 26, 2022}}</ref> Additionally, the [[Syrian Air Force]] has used [[barrel bomb]]s to attack targets in cities and other areas. Such barrel bombs consist of barrels filled with high explosives, oil, and shrapnel, and are dropped from helicopters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26043061|title=US condemns Aleppo barrel bomb raids|work=BBC News|date=5 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25466541|title=Barrel bombs a sign of brutal Syria war|first=Jonathan|last=Marcus|work=BBC News|date=20 December 2013}}</ref>

Along with mines and IEDs, [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] also used VBIEDs in Syria,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/isis-used-this-huge-crudely-modified-truck-to-attack-a-1726246835|title=ISIS Used This Huge Crudely Modified Truck To Attack A Key Syrian Air Base|first=Tyler|last=Rogoway|date=24 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003317/https://jalopnik.com/isis-used-this-huge-crudely-modified-truck-to-attack-a-1726246835|archive-date=May 6, 2022 }}</ref> including during [[2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing]]. See also: [[Improvised artillery in the Syrian civil war]].

===Uganda===
On 16 November 2021, suicide bombers set off two powerful explosions in the center of Uganda's capital Kampala during rush hour in an attack later claimed by Islamic State. There have been a number of bomb explosions in 2021. In October, a 20-year-old waitress was killed after a device, left in a shopping bag, detonated in a bar in the city. Days later several people were injured when a suicide bomber blew himself up in a bus near Kampala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59302917|title = Kampala blasts: Suicide bombers target Ugandan capital|work = BBC News|date = 16 November 2021}}</ref>

===United States===
In the 1995 [[Oklahoma City bombing]], [[Timothy McVeigh]] and [[Terry Nichols]] built an IED with [[ammonium nitrate]] fertilizer, [[nitromethane]], and stolen commercial explosives in a rental truck, with [[sandbag]]s used to concentrate the explosive force in the desired direction. McVeigh detonated it next to the [[Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building]], killing 168 people, 19 of whom were children.

High school students [[Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold]] used multiple IEDs during the [[Columbine High School massacre]] on 20 April 1999, including two large [[propane]] bombs that were placed in the cafeteria, powerful enough to kill or injure everyone inside the room, along with [[pipe bombs]], [[Molotov cocktails]], and also two [[car bombs]], designed to attack [[first responder]]s and [[news reporter]]s responding to the initial bombing. Both propane bombs and both car bombs failed to detonate correctly. They then went on to shoot and kill 13 people before committing suicide. If all bombs detonated, there could have been hundreds killed in the massacre, but nobody was injured by any of the explosives during the massacre. The pair had planned to exceed the death count during the Oklahoma City bombing four years earlier.

In January 2011, a [[2011 Spokane bombing attempt|shaped pipe bomb was discovered]] and defused at a [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] memorial march in [[Spokane, Washington]]. The FBI said that the bomb was specifically designed to cause maximum harm as the explosive device was, according to the ''Los Angeles Times'', packed with fishing weights covered in rat poison, and may have been racially motivated. No one was injured during the event.

On 15 April 2013, as the annual [[Boston Marathon]] race was concluding, two bombs were [[Boston Marathon bombing|detonated]] seconds apart close to the finish line. Initial FBI response indicated suspicion of IED [[pressure cooker bomb]]s.

On 17–19 September 2016, [[2016 New York and New Jersey bombings|several explosions]] occurred in [[Manhattan]] and [[New Jersey]]. The sources of the explosions were all found to be IEDs of various types, such as pressure cooker bombs and [[pipe bomb]]s.

Many IED-related arrests are made each year in circumstances where the plot was foiled before the device was deployed, or the device exploded but no one was injured.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/13/557629826/suspect-in-would-be-airport-bombing-nabbed-with-help-from-rei|title=Suspect in Would-Be Airport Bombing Nabbed With Help From REI|newspaper=NPR|date=13 October 2017|last1=Domonoske|first1=Camila|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225060629/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/13/557629826/suspect-in-would-be-airport-bombing-nabbed-with-help-from-rei|archive-date=December 25, 2022}}</ref>

A number of deaths and property damage occurring during [[gender reveal party|gender reveal parties]] have been caused by the detonation of improvised explosive devices. These include the 2017 [[Sawmill Fire (2017)|Sawmill Fire]], which was started by the detonation of a mass of [[tannerite]] intended to disperse coloured powder,<ref>{{Cite web |author=Andrea Diaz |title=Officials release video from gender reveal party that ignited a 47,000-acre wildfire |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/27/us/arizona-gender-reveal-party-sawmill-wildfire-trnd/index.html |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=CNN|date=28 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303090615/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/27/us/arizona-gender-reveal-party-sawmill-wildfire-trnd/index.html|archive-date=March 3, 2021}}</ref> and an incident in 2019 where an IED similarly designed to release powder exploded in a manner similar to a pipe bomb, killing a 56-year-old woman after shrapnel struck her in the head.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-30 |title=Sheriff: Gender reveal party explosion was a stunt gone awry {{!}} Iowa {{!}} lacrossetribune.com |url=https://lacrossetribune.com/news/state-and-regional/ia/sheriff-gender-reveal-party-explosion-was-a-stunt-gone-awry/article_58f39ad2-f4cb-58c7-9820-d0b59fce98e9.html |access-date=2022-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030234807/https://lacrossetribune.com/news/state-and-regional/ia/sheriff-gender-reveal-party-explosion-was-a-stunt-gone-awry/article_58f39ad2-f4cb-58c7-9820-d0b59fce98e9.html |archive-date=30 October 2019 }}</ref>

===Ukraine===
IEDs are in use in the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sofmag.com/49000-ieds-in-ukraine-and-counting/|title=NATO: IEDs: NEUTRALIZED: 49000 IEDs in Ukraine – Soldier of Fortune Magazine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315054028/https://www.sofmag.com/49000-ieds-in-ukraine-and-counting/|archive-date=March 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nato-project.github.io/|title=Ukraine IED Incidents|website=nato-project.github.io|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509131441/https://nato-project.github.io/|archive-date= May 9, 2022}}</ref> and have also been used there for assassinations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/17/prominent-warlord-arsen-motorola-pavlov-killed-donetsk-blast|title=Prominent rebel warlord Arseny 'Motorola' Pavlov dies in Donetsk blast|first=Shaun|last=Walker|date=17 October 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202123155/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/17/prominent-warlord-arsen-motorola-pavlov-killed-donetsk-blast|archive-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref>

===Vietnam===
IEDs were used during the [[Vietnam War]] by the [[National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam|Viet Cong]] against land- and river-borne vehicles as well as personnel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/vietnam/minesouthviet.htm |title=Mine Warfare in South Vietnam |publisher=History.navy.mil |access-date=18 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040427055646/http://history.navy.mil/wars/vietnam/minesouthviet.htm|archive-date=April 27, 2004}}</ref> They were commonly constructed using materials from unexploded American [[Unexploded ordnance|ordnance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/series/pt_05.html |title=American Experience &#124; Vietnam Online &#124; Transcript &#124; PBS |publisher=pbs.org |access-date=18 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050912160532/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/series/pt_05.html|archive-date=September 12, 2005}}</ref> Thirty-three percent of U.S. casualties in Vietnam and twenty-eight percent of deaths were officially attributed to mines; these figures include losses caused by both IEDs and commercially manufactured mines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/gen1/General-03.htm |title=In Its Own Words |publisher=Hrw.org |access-date=18 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815201437/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/gen1/General-03.htm|archive-date=August 15, 2022}}</ref>

===Yemen===
[[Houthis]] are using IEDs<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/apr/27/civilians-killed-injured-explosives-rises-turkey-yemen|title=Number of civilians killed or injured by explosives rises 50% in five years|first=Richard|last=Norton-Taylor|date=26 April 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027102834/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/apr/27/civilians-killed-injured-explosives-rises-turkey-yemen|archive-date=October 27, 2022}}</ref> against Saudi-led coalition and Hadi's forces during [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgKkT_f3epE| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127224828/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgKkT_f3epE| archive-date=2016-11-27 | url-status=dead|title=Yemen: Houthi IED Ambush on Pro-Hadi Convoy near al-Ba'aqa Crossing|last=Ram_Z|date=14 October 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2022}} [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]] and [[Saudi–Yemeni border conflict (2015–present)|Saudi–Yemeni border conflict]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnUlqSIurKs| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211031/hnUlqSIurKs| archive-date=2021-10-31 | url-status=live|title=Yemen war 2016– Houthis fighters destroyed Saudi M1 Abrams Tank by IED in Jizan|last=News Of Yemen|date=8 February 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sjRFo70Ebw| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510065120/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sjRFo70Ebw| archive-date=2016-05-10 | url-status=dead|title=Houthis ambush a convoy of Saudi Vehicles in Najran|last=Al-Masdar News|date=26 January 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1t2gkalQnsg&t=11s| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406173701/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1t2gkalQnsg&t=11s| archive-date=2017-04-06 | url-status=dead|title=Ambush against a #Saudi military vehicle in Alhgelh site in #Najran|last=YEMEN WAR|date=11 March 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VePjhSlt0LM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414085059/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VePjhSlt0LM|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 April 2017|title=When Houthis attack IV – March 2017 – Saudi Arabia|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

[[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]] and [[ISIL]] in Yemen are also known to use IEDs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aoav.org.uk/2017/national-c-ied-initiatives-middle-east-yemen/|title=National C-IED initiatives: Middle East – Yemen – AOAV|date=1 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113115650/https://aoav.org.uk/2017/national-c-ied-initiatives-middle-east-yemen/|archive-date=November 13, 2022}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The film [[The Hurt Locker]] follows an Iraq War Explosive Ordnance Disposal team who are targeted by insurgents and shows their psychological reactions to the stress of combat.

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
*[[Acetone peroxide]]
*[[Blast bomb]]
*[[Blast fishing]]
*[[Dragon Runner]]
*[[Fertilizer bomb]]
*[[Improvised firearm]]
*[[Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization|JIEDDO]]
*[[List of notable 3D printed weapons and parts]]
*[[Nail bomb]]
*[[Satchel charge]]
*[[Sidolówka]] grenade
*[[Time bomb (explosive)]]
*''[[TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook]]''
*''[[The Anarchist Cookbook]]''
{{div-col-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Improvised explosive devices}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Improvised Explosive Device}}
[[Category:Area denial weapons]]
[[Category:Bombs]]
[[Category:Explosives]]
[[Category:Explosive weapons]]
[[Category:Improvised explosive devices| ]]
[[Category:Tactics of the Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)]]
[[Category:Improvised weapons]]