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{{short description|German assault rifle}}
{{Infobox weapon
|name=Sturmgewehr 45
|image=File:StG45.png
|image_size = 300
|caption=The Sturmgewehr 45(M) with a 10-round magazine inserted
|origin=Nazi Germany
|type=[[Assault rifle]]

|is_ranged=Yes

|service=May 1945{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}}
|used_by=Germany
|wars=[[World War II]]

|designer=[[Wilhelm Stähle]]
|design_date=1944
|manufacturer=[[Mauser]]<ref name = Götz/>
|production_date=1945<ref name = Götz/>
|number=30{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}}
|variants=
| unit_cost = {{plainlist|
*{{Reichsmark|45|link=yes}} (1945 estimate)
*€{{Inflation|DE|88|1945|r=-1}} current equivalent}}

|weight={{convert|4|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}} (with empty magazine)<ref name = Götz/>
|length={{convert|900|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name = Götz/>
|part_length={{convert|400|mm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name = Götz/>
|width=
|height=
|diameter=

|cartridge=[[7.92×33mm Kurz]] (Pistolenpatrone 7.9mm M43)<ref name = Götz/>
|action=[[Blowback (arms)#Roller-delayed|Roller-delayed blowback]]<ref name = Götz/>
|rate=≈450 rounds/min<ref name = Götz/>
|velocity=≈{{convert|650|m/s|0|abbr=on}}<ref name = Götz/>
|range=300 m
|max_range=800 m<ref name = Götz>{{cite book |last=Götz |first=Hans Dieter |date=1990 |title=German Military Rifles and Machine Pistols |location=[[Atglen, Pennsylvania]] |publisher=[[Schiffer Publishing]] |page=220 |isbn=978-0-88740-264-7}}</ref>
|feed=10 or 30-round detachable box [[Magazine (firearm)|magazine]]
|sights=Rear: V-notch; front: hooded post
}}

The '''StG 45(M)''' (abbreviation of '''Sturmgewehr 45''', "Assault Rifle 45")  sometimes referred to as the '''MP 45(M)''', was a prototype [[assault rifle]] developed by [[Mauser]] for the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' at the end of [[World War II]], using an innovative [[Blowback (firearms)#Roller-delayed|roller-delayed blowback]] operating system. It fired the [[7.92×33mm Kurz]] (or "Pistolenpatrone 7.9mm") intermediate cartridge at a [[rate of fire|cyclic rate]] of around 450 rounds per minute.

==Overview==
[[File:Gerat06H Prototype.jpg|thumb|left|The early [[Mauser]] ''Gerät 06H'' prototype assault rifle]]
[[File:Kinematik Vergleich zwischen Patronenlager mit und ohne Gasentlastungsrillen bei einer kraftschlüssig dynamisch verriegelten Feuerwaffe mit Flaschenhalshülse vertikale Version CC BS-SA 4.0.svg|thumb|left|fluted (below) chamber in a blowback firearm prevents breaking of the cartridge.]]

The origin of this rifle can be traced back to the final years of [[World War II]] when [[Mauser]] engineers at the Light Weapon Development Group (''Abteilung 37'') at [[Oberndorf am Neckar]] designed the '''MKb ''Gerät'' 06''' (''Maschinenkarabiner Gerät 06'' or "machine carbine device 06") prototype [[assault rifle]] chambered for the intermediate [[7.92×33mm Kurz]] cartridge, first with the '''''Gerät'' 06''' model using a roller-locked mechanism which was unique for being gas operated, as opposed to recoil operation, originally adapted from the [[MG 42]] machine gun, but with a fixed barrel and conventional gas-actuated piston rod.<ref name="Senich">{{cite book |last=Senich |first=Peter R. |date=1987 |title=The German Assault Rifle: 1935–1945 |location=[[Boulder, Colorado]] |publisher=[[Paladin Press]] |page=153 |isbn=978-0-87364-400-6}}</ref> After observing bolt-bounce during firing trials of the roller locked [[Gewehr_43#Gerät_03_prototype|'''''Gerät 03''''' prototype semi-automatic rifle]] Dr. Karl Maier, one of Mauser's scientists at the time,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEPwmYcCPFs |author=[[Forgotten Weapons]] |title=Last Ditch Innovation: The Development of the Gerat 06 and Gerat 06H Rifles |date=2012-11-19 |website=YouTube |access-date=2017-11-13}}</ref> realized that with careful attention to the mechanical ratios, the gas system could be omitted.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2013/01/01/do-you-know-your-hks-parents/ |title=Do You Know Your HK's Parents? |first=Ian |last=McCollum |date=January 1, 2013 |website=The Firearm Blog}}</ref><ref name="Senich_158">Senich (1987), p. 158.</ref> The resultant weapon, the '''''Gerät'' 06H''' (the "H" suffix is an abbreviation for ''halbverriegelt'' or "half-locked") was assigned the designation '''StG 45(M)''' (''Sturmgewehr 45(M)'').

Though appearing simple, developing the roller-delayed blowback firearm action was a hard technical and personal effort, as German engineering, mathematical and other scientists had to work together on a like-it-or-not basis led by [[Ott-Helmuth von Lossnitzer]], the director of Mauser Werke's Weapons Research Institute and Weapons Development Group. Experiments showed roller-delayed blowback firearms exhibited bolt-bounce. To counter bolt- bounce the perfect angle choice on the nose of the bolt head had to be found. Mathematician Dr. Karl Maier provided analysis of the components, assemblies in the development project. In December 1943 Maier came up with an equation that engineers used to change the angles in the receiver to 45° and 27° on the locking piece relative to the longitudinal axis solving the bolt-bounce problem. With these angles the geometrical transmission ratio of the boltcarrier to the bolthead became 3:1, so the rear boltcarrier was forced to move three times faster than the bolthead. The rearward forces on the boltcarrier and receiver were 2:1. The force and impulse transmitted to the receiver increases with the force and impulse transmitted to the boltcarrier. Making the boltcarrier heavier lessens the recoil velocity. For Mausers Gerät 06H/StG 45(M) project Maier assumed a 120 g bolthead and 360 g boltcarrier (1 to 3 ratio). However, the design required that the bolt started moving while the bullet was still in the barrel and the spent case fully pressurized. Using traditionally cut [[Chamber (firearms)|chambers]] resulted in separated cartridge case heads during testing. This problem was solved by cutting 18 longitudinal gas relief flutes in the chamber. Fluting the end of the chamber allowed combustion gasses to float the neck and front of the cartridge case providing pressure equalization between the front outer surface of the cartridge case and its interior. During the process, the front cartridge case would typically show blackened, longitudinal scorch marks around the diameter of the case which was characteristic for later roller-delayed blowback-operated small arms, which also used the fluted chamber principle.

The roller-delayed blowback firearm action was patented by Mauser’s Wilhelm Stähle and [[Ludwig Vorgrimler]].

Like the German [[FG 42]] [[battle rifle]]/automatic rifle and [[StG 44|''Sturmgewehr'' 44]] assault rifle the StG 45(M) was one of the first inline firearms incorporating a "straight-line" recoil configuration. This layout places both the [[center of gravity]] and the position of the shoulder stock nearly in line with the longitudinal axis of the barrel bore, a feature increasing controllability by reducing [[muzzle rise]] during burst or automatic fire.<ref name="Senich2">Senich (1987), p. 239.</ref>
The elevated sight line over the bore axis layout was also adopted from these designs as it helps to extend the [[Point-blank range#Military|"battle zero"]] range. The current trend for elevated sights and flatter shooting higher-velocity intermediate cartridges in assault rifles is in part due to a desire to further extend the maximum point-blank range, which makes such a rifle easier to use.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ar15.com/content/page.html?id=599 |title=An Improved Battlesight Zero for the M4 Carbine and M16A2 Rifle |website=AR15.com |access-date=2007-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ar15.com/content/webPDF/TM9-1005-319-10.pdf |title=TM 9-1005-319-10 (2010) - Operator's Manual for Rifle, 5.56 MM, M16A2/M16A3/M4 (Battlesight Zero pages 48-55) |website=AR15.com |access-date=2014-06-03}}</ref>

The StG 45(M) was intended to replace the ''Sturmgewehr'' 44 assault rifle, because the latter was rather expensive and time-consuming to produce. Compared to the StG44's cost of {{Reichsmark|70|link=yes}}, the StG45(M)'s calculated cost was {{Reichsmark|45}}. Like the ''Sturmgewehr'' 44 the weapon made extensive use of (for the 1940s) advanced cost-saving [[Stamping (metalworking)|pressed and stamped steel]] components rather than machined parts. Parts kits for only 30 complete rifles were produced before the war ended. The StG 45(M) had an elevated iron sights line over the bore axis in part to optimize the maximum [[point-blank range]] of the compared to full-power rifle cartridges modest external ballistic performance of the 7.92×33mm Kurz cartridge, ergonomics and recoil management.

While the StG45(M) was intended to use the same 30-round magazine as its predecessor, the rifle is commonly pictured with the 10-round magazine designed for the ''[[Volkssturmgewehr 1-5|Volkssturmgewehr]]''. The shorter magazine was used by Mauser engineers during testing, as its lower profile was easier to use when test-firing at the Mauser facility range.

The [[Bundeswehr Museum of German Defense Technology]] in [[Koblenz]] has one of these specimen in its collection.

==Post–World War II developments==
[[File:AME1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[CEAM Modèle 1950|CEAM ''Modèle'' 1950]], a French effort to put the StG 45(M) concept into mass production. Chambered in [[.30 Carbine]].]]

The German technicians involved in developing the ''Sturmgewehr'' 45 continued their research in France at [[Atelier Mécanique de Mulhouse|CEAM]]. The StG45 mechanism was modified by Ludwig Vorgrimler and Theodor Löffler at the [[Mulhouse]] facility between 1946 and 1949. Three versions were made, chambered in [[.30 Carbine]], 7.92×33mm Kurz as well as the [[7mm caliber|7.65×35mm]] cartridge developed by Cartoucherie de Valence and adopted in 1948. A 7.5×38mm cartridge using a partial aluminium bullet was abandoned in 1947. Löffler's design, designated the [[CEAM Modèle 1950|Carabine Mitrailleuse Modèle'' 1950]], was retained for trials among 12 different prototypes designed by CEAM, [[Manufacture d'armes de Châtellerault|MAC]], and [[Manufacture d'armes de Saint-Étienne|MAS]]. Vorgrimler later went to work at [[CETME]] in Spain and developed the line of [[CETME rifle|CETME automatic rifles]].

Germany eventually purchased the licence for the CETME design and manufactured the [[Heckler & Koch G3]] as well as an entire line of weapons built on the same system, one of the most famous being the [[Heckler & Koch MP5|MP5]].

A few other post–World War II weapons used the roller-delayed locking system, such as the [[SIG SG 510]].

==See also==
* [[StG 44]]
* [[HIW VSK]] carbine
* [[Wimmersperg Spz-kr]]
* [[List of assault rifles]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|StG 45(M)|Sturmgewehr 45}}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2013/01/01/do-you-know-your-hks-parents/ |title=Do You Know Your HK's Parents? |first=Ian |last=McCollum |date=January 1, 2013 |website=The Firearm Blog}}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEPwmYcCPFs |author=[[Forgotten Weapons]] |title=Last Ditch Innovation: The Development of the Gerat 06 and Gerat 06H Rifles |date=2012-11-19 |website=YouTube}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.forgottenweapons.com/stg45-at-an-ipsc-3-gun-match-video/ |title=StG45 at an IPSC 3-Gun Match (Video) |date=July 1, 2012 |website=Forgotten Weapons}}

{{Mauser Firearms}}
{{Delayed Blowback Firearms}}
{{WWIIGermanInfWeapons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stg 45(M)}}
[[Category:7.92×33mm Kurz assault rifles]]
[[Category:Assault rifles of Germany]]
[[Category:Firearms by Hugo Schmeisser]]
[[Category:Research and development in Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:Roller-delayed blowback firearms]]
[[Category:World War II assault rifles]]
[[Category:World War II infantry weapons of Germany]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1945]]

StG 45(M) - Bewerkingsoverzicht

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